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JC Geography > Chapter 18 - Primary Economic Activities > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Primary Economic Activities Flashcards

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1
Q

In what three ways does society consume oil?

A
  • Domestic
  • Industrial
  • Transportation
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2
Q

What are the advantages of oil?

A
  • Clean to burn -> emits little smoke
  • Efficient to burn
  • Easy to transport
  • When it is refined it produces products such as plastic, paint ect
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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of oil?

A
  • Oil spills kill wildlife and sea life
  • Contributes to greenhouse gases
  • Finite resource
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4
Q

How is oil formed?

A

Oil is formed when layers of sediment and dead sea creature sink to the bottom of the sea and start to compact. Over millions of years the sediments transform into oil

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5
Q

What does OPEC stand for?

A

The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

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6
Q

What is the aim of the OPEC?

A

To control the price of oil to ensure a steady income for the members

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7
Q

Describe raised bogs

A
  • Formed in Shallow depressions in the Midlands of Ireland
  • They have an average depth of 8 m
  • Examples are the Blackwater Bog Shannonbridge, Offaly
  • The deepest bogs are found in Killdare and Offaly
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8
Q

Describe blanket bogs

A
  • Formed where rainfall is greater than 120 mm a year •They have an average depth of 3 m
  • Examples are found in the west of Ireland
  • Upland areas
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9
Q

Bogs are ___% water

A

95%

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10
Q

Name and describe the five stages of preparing and harvesting a bog

A
  1. A ditcher digs drains
  2. A grader levels the bog
  3. A miller scrapes 1/2 centimetre off the surface of the bog and breaks it up
  4. Harrow turns over dried milled peat
  5. Ridger gathers peat into ridges
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11
Q

What is milled peat used for?

A
  • Generate electricity at power stations

* Compressed into briquettes

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12
Q

What is moss peat used for?

A

•Soil fertiliser

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13
Q

What is sod peat used for?

A
  • Power stations

* Domestic fuel(It is not refined)

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14
Q

Depletion

A

Using up a resource before it can be replaced eg overfishing

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15
Q

Why is overfishing happening?

A
  • New technology
  • Modern sea fishing methods
  • The location of fishing
  • The demand from customers
  • Profit
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16
Q

Name some modern sea fishing methods

A
  • Purse seining
  • Trawling
  • Drift netting
  • Traps and fish farms
17
Q

Where are the majority of fish caught?

A

Along continental shelves

18
Q

Farms can be studied as _______ with ______, ______ and _______

A

Farms can be studied as SYSTEMS with INPUTS, PROCESSES and OUTPUTS

19
Q

Types of farming

A
  1. Arable
  2. Pastoral
  3. Mixed
  4. Dairy
  5. Beef
20
Q

Factors influencing types of farming

A
  • Relief
  • Climate
  • Soil
  • Family tradition
  • Distance from the markets
21
Q

Challenges facing agriculture

A
  • EU expansion enlarging market
  • Changing climate
  • Diseases
  • Excessive use of fertilisers and insecticides
22
Q

What are the advantages of an oil find for Ireland?

A

○Employment
○Dependency onimported energy is reduced
○Improved infrastructure

23
Q

What are the disadvantages of an oil find for Ireland?

A

○Pollution
○Rigs ruin coastline
○Could increase cost of living
○Discourage use of renewable egergy sourse

24
Q

Pelagic fish

A

Live near the surface. e.g. herring and mackerel

25
Q

Demersal fish

A

Live on or near the seabed. e.g. haddock and sole

26
Q

Crustaceans

A

Are shellfish which live in shallow waters. e.g. crabs and lobsters

27
Q

Give examples of new technology that has led to overfishing

A
  • Large modern fishing boats
  • Improved sonar and radar equipment
  • Larger nets
  • Motorisedwinches
  • Improved, faster transportation
  • Refridgeration
28
Q

Purse seining

A

One end of the net is attached to a buoy and the other end to the fishing boat. the boat sails around the buoy in a circular fashion trapping fish. when the net is pulled tight it resembles a closed fish. Used to catch pelagic fish

29
Q

Trawling

A

Involves dragging a funnel-shaped net over the seabed. Used to catch demersal fish

30
Q

Drift netting/drifting

A

The net hangs like a curtain below the surface of the water. Used to catch pelagic fish. Has been banned in Ireland

31
Q

Continental shelves

A

Area of shallow water along the edge of a landmass.

32
Q

Why are the majority of fish caught along the continental shelf that lies off the coast of Europe?

A
  • The shallow water allows sunlight to reach the seabed. This encourages the growth of plankton and the plankton attracts fish.
  • North Atlantic Drift ensures Ireland’s ports are ice-free. It also attracts a wide variety of fish
  • Bays and harbours of Ireland are sheltered. This makes fishing easier
33
Q

Overfishing

A

Occurs when too many of the same species are caught. There are not enough fish left for the species to reproduce

34
Q

What conservation methods have been introduced to conserve fish numbers?

A
  1. EU established a 320km exclusion zone around Ireland. Non-EU members cannot fish here. Most Irish trawlers can only fish when more than 10km off Irish coast
  2. Most EU trawlers must stay 20km off Irish coast
  3. Reduction in the size of nets
  4. Introduction of fishing quotas or embargoes
  5. Introduction of minimum net mesh sizes
  6. Reduces pollution of world’s oceans
35
Q

How has the demand from consumers influenced overfishing?

A

Fish is now seen as part of a healthy diet. This has increased demand

36
Q

What happens in spring on a farm?

A

Land is ploughed and fertilized. Seeds planted. Lambs and calves born. Cows milked

37
Q

What happens in summer on a farm?

A

Slurry spread on land. Grass cut for silage. Sheep sheared and lambs sold. Cows milked

38
Q

What happens in autumn on a farm?

A

Crops harvested. Land may be ploughed. and fertilized. Beef cattle sold. Cows milked

39
Q

What happens in winter on a farm?

A

Livestock fed. Young cows purchased. Sheep prepared for lambing. Machinery repaired. Maintenance work

JC Geography (20 decks)

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