Chapter 18 - Primary Economic Activities Flashcards
In what three ways does society consume oil?
- Domestic
- Industrial
- Transportation
What are the advantages of oil?
- Clean to burn -> emits little smoke
- Efficient to burn
- Easy to transport
- When it is refined it produces products such as plastic, paint ect
What are the disadvantages of oil?
- Oil spills kill wildlife and sea life
- Contributes to greenhouse gases
- Finite resource
How is oil formed?
Oil is formed when layers of sediment and dead sea creature sink to the bottom of the sea and start to compact. Over millions of years the sediments transform into oil
What does OPEC stand for?
The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
What is the aim of the OPEC?
To control the price of oil to ensure a steady income for the members
Describe raised bogs
- Formed in Shallow depressions in the Midlands of Ireland
- They have an average depth of 8 m
- Examples are the Blackwater Bog Shannonbridge, Offaly
- The deepest bogs are found in Killdare and Offaly
Describe blanket bogs
- Formed where rainfall is greater than 120 mm a year •They have an average depth of 3 m
- Examples are found in the west of Ireland
- Upland areas
Bogs are ___% water
95%
Name and describe the five stages of preparing and harvesting a bog
- A ditcher digs drains
- A grader levels the bog
- A miller scrapes 1/2 centimetre off the surface of the bog and breaks it up
- Harrow turns over dried milled peat
- Ridger gathers peat into ridges
What is milled peat used for?
- Generate electricity at power stations
* Compressed into briquettes
What is moss peat used for?
•Soil fertiliser
What is sod peat used for?
- Power stations
* Domestic fuel(It is not refined)
Depletion
Using up a resource before it can be replaced eg overfishing
Why is overfishing happening?
- New technology
- Modern sea fishing methods
- The location of fishing
- The demand from customers
- Profit
Name some modern sea fishing methods
- Purse seining
- Trawling
- Drift netting
- Traps and fish farms
Where are the majority of fish caught?
Along continental shelves
Farms can be studied as _______ with ______, ______ and _______
Farms can be studied as SYSTEMS with INPUTS, PROCESSES and OUTPUTS
Types of farming
- Arable
- Pastoral
- Mixed
- Dairy
- Beef
Factors influencing types of farming
- Relief
- Climate
- Soil
- Family tradition
- Distance from the markets
Challenges facing agriculture
- EU expansion enlarging market
- Changing climate
- Diseases
- Excessive use of fertilisers and insecticides
What are the advantages of an oil find for Ireland?
○Employment
○Dependency onimported energy is reduced
○Improved infrastructure
What are the disadvantages of an oil find for Ireland?
○Pollution
○Rigs ruin coastline
○Could increase cost of living
○Discourage use of renewable egergy sourse
Pelagic fish
Live near the surface. e.g. herring and mackerel
Demersal fish
Live on or near the seabed. e.g. haddock and sole
Crustaceans
Are shellfish which live in shallow waters. e.g. crabs and lobsters
Give examples of new technology that has led to overfishing
- Large modern fishing boats
- Improved sonar and radar equipment
- Larger nets
- Motorisedwinches
- Improved, faster transportation
- Refridgeration
Purse seining
One end of the net is attached to a buoy and the other end to the fishing boat. the boat sails around the buoy in a circular fashion trapping fish. when the net is pulled tight it resembles a closed fish. Used to catch pelagic fish
Trawling
Involves dragging a funnel-shaped net over the seabed. Used to catch demersal fish
Drift netting/drifting
The net hangs like a curtain below the surface of the water. Used to catch pelagic fish. Has been banned in Ireland
Continental shelves
Area of shallow water along the edge of a landmass.
Why are the majority of fish caught along the continental shelf that lies off the coast of Europe?
- The shallow water allows sunlight to reach the seabed. This encourages the growth of plankton and the plankton attracts fish.
- North Atlantic Drift ensures Ireland’s ports are ice-free. It also attracts a wide variety of fish
- Bays and harbours of Ireland are sheltered. This makes fishing easier
Overfishing
Occurs when too many of the same species are caught. There are not enough fish left for the species to reproduce
What conservation methods have been introduced to conserve fish numbers?
- EU established a 320km exclusion zone around Ireland. Non-EU members cannot fish here. Most Irish trawlers can only fish when more than 10km off Irish coast
- Most EU trawlers must stay 20km off Irish coast
- Reduction in the size of nets
- Introduction of fishing quotas or embargoes
- Introduction of minimum net mesh sizes
- Reduces pollution of world’s oceans
How has the demand from consumers influenced overfishing?
Fish is now seen as part of a healthy diet. This has increased demand
What happens in spring on a farm?
Land is ploughed and fertilized. Seeds planted. Lambs and calves born. Cows milked
What happens in summer on a farm?
Slurry spread on land. Grass cut for silage. Sheep sheared and lambs sold. Cows milked
What happens in autumn on a farm?
Crops harvested. Land may be ploughed. and fertilized. Beef cattle sold. Cows milked
What happens in winter on a farm?
Livestock fed. Young cows purchased. Sheep prepared for lambing. Machinery repaired. Maintenance work
