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JC Geography > Chapter 11 - Population > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Population Flashcards

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1
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of births per 1000 people in one year

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2
Q

Demographic transition model

A

Describes population change over time

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3
Q

Death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people in one year

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4
Q

Megacity

A

A city with more than 10 million people

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5
Q

Mortality rates

A

Is the measure of the number of deaths in a particular population

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6
Q

Population explosion

A

A rapid growth of the population in the 20th century

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7
Q

Population density

A

The average number of people living in a square kilometre

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8
Q

Demography

A

The study of population change and structure

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9
Q

Relief

A

The shape of the land surface

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10
Q

Natural decrease

A

When the death rate is greater than the birth rate

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11
Q

Population pyramid

A

This shows information about the gender and age profile of a

population

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12
Q

Natural increase

A

When the birth rate is greater than the death rate

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13
Q

Population distribution

A

Population distribution refers to how people are dispersed around the world or in any given area

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14
Q

Economic development

A

Sustained, concerted actions of policy makers and communities that promote the standard of living and economic health of a specific area

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15
Q

Urban areas

A

Town or city

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16
Q

What is world population growth like today?

A

The world’s population is growing by 1.41% per year (over 200,000 each day!)

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17
Q

When and what was the peak of the world’s population growth?

A

2.19% per year in 1963

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18
Q

Describe stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model and give an example

A
  1. High fluctuating stage - Ethiopia
    ►Very poor
    ►High birth and death rate
    ►Population may fluctuate or grow very slowly
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19
Q

Describe stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model and give an example

A
  1. Early expanding stage - Mali
    ►Economy begins to improve
    ►Better food and medical supplies cause death rate to fall
    ►But poor people still have large families so birth rate remains high
    ►Result is rapid population growth
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20
Q

Describe stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model and give an example

A
  1. Late expanding stage - Brazil
    ►Economy continues to improve and many people begin to plan the size of the family
    ►As the birth rate falls, the rate of population growth slows
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21
Q

Describe stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model and give an example

A
  1. Low fluctuating stage - Ireland
    ►Place at stage four is economically developed
    ►Most live long lives but have few children
    ►Means both death and birth rates are low
    ►Population fluctuates and increases only very slowly
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22
Q

Describe stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model and give an example

A
  1. Senile stage - Germany
    ►People are so concerned with material comforts that the have few children
    ►Population will decrease as the birth rate becomes smaller that the death rate
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23
Q

How do you calculate population change?

A

Birth rate - death rate 100
———————- X —-
1000 1

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24
Q

How can food supply increase population?

A
  • With an increased food supply, health will also generally improve, allowing people to live longer.
  • Over time, this will also lead to a decrease in death rate
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25
Q

How can food supply decrease population?

A
  • During times such as famine or drought, a population will begin to decline
  • People will either stave to death or their health will become poorer and they won’t live as long
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26
Q

How can war increase population?

A
  • People often seek refuge during times of war
  • They flee their country and seek refuge in others
  • Even though the population of their home country decreases, the other country’s population increases because of the refugees
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27
Q

How can war decrease population?

A
  • Soldiers and civilians die
  • Husbands and wives separated leading to reduced birth rate
  • Disrupts day-to-day life such as agriculture and health services and may affect populations health and may lead to death
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28
Q

How can technology increase population?

A

•New agricultural machinery can make growing food more efficient, meaning a country can grow more food, improving the populations health

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29
Q

How can technology decrease population?

A
  • Guns, bombs and missiles can lead to deaths of thousands

* New transport vehicles have led to the deaths of millions worldwide

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30
Q

How can health increase population?

A
  • New developments in medicine lead to people living longer, healthier lives, reducing the death rate
  • Fewer people die from easily curable diseases because of new medicine and an improved health service
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31
Q

How can health decrease population?

A
  • Many people in developing world don’t have access to modern medicine and a good public healthcare system
  • They are therefore less healthy and may have shorter lives leading to a population decrease in that country
  • Unclean drinking water in these countries can also lead to people dying from typhoid and cholera
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32
Q

How can education increase population?

A
  • Couples who are uneducated may not have as good an understanding of family planning
  • It is likely they will have large families, increasing population and birth rate
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33
Q

How can education decrease population?

A
  • The more educated a person is, the more likely they are to practice family planning. Family planning reduces birth rates.
  • Someone who is educated is more likely to pursue a career, so having a large family would be inconvenient
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34
Q

How can the status of women increase population?

A
  • The lower the status of women in society, the less educated they probably are
  • Because of this, they wouldn’t have a good understanding of family planning and therefore may have many children, increasing the birth rate
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35
Q

How can the status of women decrease population?

A
  • When the status of women in society is high, they are more likely to have an education
  • They would understand the importance of family planning, bringing down thee birth rate
  • Also, because of their education, they are more likely to pursue careers, so multiple children would be inconvenient
36
Q

Describe a pessimistic view of population growth

A

Those who believe population explosion will continue for a long time are said to have a pessimistic view. These people believe world population will double within 40 years and will exert pressure on resources such as food and land

37
Q

Describe an optimistic view of population growth

A

Those who believe population will decline as countries develop into later stages of economic development are said to have an optimistic view

38
Q

Describe Brazil before the 1500s

A

○Population of 8 million
○Low population density
○They were hunter-gaterers

39
Q

Describe what happened to Brazil from the 1500s to the 1800s

A

○In the 16th century, Portuguese colonists arrived and settled along coastal zones of Brazil
○Climate here suited them
○Grew sugar cane in north-east Brazil and coffee in São Paulo on large estates called plantations
○Many of native Indians working on plantations were wiped out due to exhaustion and disease
○As a result, African slaves were imported
○Plantations were often located on coast so goods could be exported
○These later developed into industrial cities like Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo
○When people moved to these cities for employment, population grew

40
Q

Describe what happened in Brazil in the 19th and 20th centuries

A

○In the 19th and 20th centuries, European migrants came from Germany, Italy and Sweeden and settled in the cooler regions of the south-eastern coast of Brazil
○As a result, high population densities are found in this region

41
Q

Describe what happened with the migration to the interior of Brazil

A

○During the 1960s, the government tried to encourage people to move to the interior of Brazil, in an attempt to reduce high population densities along the coast
○New capital, Brasilia, was built 1000km inland, in order to attract migrants, which would lead to the development of the interior
○New roads were built e.g Trans-Amazonian Highway
○Mineral resources e.g. iron ore reserves, were exploited
○Parts of the rainforest were destroyed to make room for grazing land for cattle

42
Q

Why has it been difficult to develop the interior of Brazil?

A

→Thick jungle makes it hard to build infrastructure
→Very hot and humid in jungle
→This area has a hot and equatorial climate. It experiences high rainfall, humidity and temperatures. Exposed soils become eroded by heavy rain and infertile due to leaching, making them unsuitable for agriculture

43
Q

What were the negative affects of developing the Amazon

A

→Native Amerindians were driven off their land and many died
→Plant species and animals destroyed as a result of forest clearance
→Rivers in this region often flood

44
Q

Describe favelas

A

○Very unhealthy environments to live in with poor living conditions
○Lack of clean water, highly inadequate sewage facilities (if any) and poor building construction

45
Q

What was the West of Ireland like before the Famine?

A
  • Farmers subdivided their land into smaller plots allowing all sons to inherit land on farm
  • Large families as a result of young people marrying early
  • Ireland’s food supply increased with the introduction of the potato as staple food.
46
Q

Why did the Irish population decline during the famine?

A
  • Failure of potato crop in 1845-1847 due to potato blight resulted in over 1 million people dying of starvation
  • Emigration rose as young people emigrated to UK and US during and after the Great Famine
47
Q

Why did the Irish population continue to decline 100 years after the Famine?

A
  • Practice of subdividing land ended and it became tradition for the oldest son to inherit all the land. Often forced other sons to make their own living elsewhere, usually outside of Ireland
  • Became normal to delay marriage until 20s. Having children later helped to decline population further still
48
Q

How does climate affect population density?

A

Population density is greater in regions where the climate is favourable

49
Q

How does relief affect population density?

A

Population density is greater on gently sloping areas or low lying areas. Mountainous regions experience low population densities because of its difficult physical environment, difficulty of economic actions and developing infrastructure

50
Q

How does soils affect population density?

A

There is a greater population density in regions of fertile soils

51
Q

How does mineral wealth affect population density?

A

Greater population densities in areas where deposits of coal, gold etc. are found

52
Q

How does economic activity affect population density?

A

Where there is industry, employment prospects are good, attracting people to the area

53
Q

How do urban areas affect population density?

A

Population density will increase where roads and services are available

54
Q

What was the population of County Dublin in 2011?

A

1,273,069

55
Q

What was the population of the Greater Dublin area in 2011?

A

1,804,156

56
Q

Give reasons why so many people live in Dublin

A

☻Primate city
☻Seat of government
☻Ireland’s chief port and main export route
☻Route focus
☻Main commercial and financial centre of Ireland
☻Important centre of education
☻Educated workforce

57
Q

Why is the development of South Dublin restricted?

A

Restricted by physical barrier of Dublin Mts. This prevents the city from spreading into the countryside

58
Q

Why is the the expansion to north Dublin restricted?

A

Restricted by location of Dublin airport. Exception is along north coast of the county. Here the population densities have also increased e.g. Swords, Rush, skerries

59
Q

Why cant Dublin city expand east?

A

Because of the sea

60
Q

What is the only viable and possible direction Dublin can expand?

A

West

61
Q

What is the population of Italy?

A

60 million

62
Q

What is the climate like in the North Italian Plain?

A
  • Continental
  • Warm during summer months, average temperatures of 25°C
  • Rainfall distributed unevenly during summer months, with short heavy spells of rain
63
Q

Describe relief in the North Italian Plain

A
  • Almost a flat plain

- This favours farming and infrastructure

64
Q

Describe the soils in the North Italian Plain

A
  • River Po deposits alluvial deposits that are rich in minerals and benefit agricultural land, leading to high yields in farming
65
Q

Describe the minerals of the North Italian Plain

A
  • Natural gas and zinc are resource materials of many industries found in the North Italian Plain.
  • Rivers flowing down Alps are harnessed to generate HEP
66
Q

Describe the economic activities of the North Italian Plain

A
  • Farming prospers in this low-lying region with a continental climate, fertile soil and large market.
  • People settle in areas where land can be farmed
  • North Italian Plain is at the heart of industrial development in Italy
  • Industry provides jobs, which attracts people to the area
67
Q

Talk about communications in the North Italian Plain

A
  • Flat plain has been suitable for the construction of roads, rail links and airports
  • Tunnels through the Alps provide access to Europe and its markets
  • These communication links mean the region is accessible, further attracting visitors and migrants, cementing its future as a core region
68
Q

What is the climate like in the Mezzorgiorno?

A
  • Of Mediterranean type
  • Experiences hot,dry summers with severe drought and average temperatures of 35°C
  • These conditions, make agriculture difficult, although wine and olive oil are produced here
69
Q

Describe relief in the Mezzorgiorno

A
  • Dominated by Apennine Mountains, this region is approximately 80% mountainous i.e. steep sides and difficult to farm
70
Q

Describe the soils in the Mezzorgiorno

A
  • Soil cover thin with few minerals
  • Deforestation has increased rate of soil erosion
  • These factors result in small, unproductive farms
  • Irrigation needed, especially during dry periods
71
Q

Describe the minerals of the Mezzogiorno

A
  • Very few minerals in this region
72
Q

Describe the economic activities of the Mezzogiorno

A
  • Farming suffers due to land ownership system,poor soil, Mediterranean climate, steep mountains, limestone rock type and peripheral location
  • Manufacturing not major feature
  • Few industries
73
Q

Talk about communications in the Mezzorgiorno

A
  • Terrain difficult for communication links
  • Road and rail transport limited to coastline
  • Government has tried to develop transport links to north
74
Q

Why would a government use a population pyramid?

A

Helps predict what future services may be needed

75
Q

What does a population pyramid show us?

A
  • % of males and females
  • How many people in each age group
  • Birth and death rates
  • Life expectancy
  • How developed a country is
  • Percentage of population dependent
76
Q

Who are in the active age group?

A

15-65 year olds

77
Q

Who are in the inactive age group?

A

Under 15 and over 65

78
Q

What is the population density of Kolkata?

A

25,000 per kilometre squared

79
Q

What are the problems of high population density in Kolkata?

A
  • Overcrowding
  • Lack of open space
  • Poor sanitation
  • Lack of clean water
  • Pollution
80
Q

What should be done to help ease the problems of high population density in Kolkata?

A 
○More education and training available
○Introduce family planning
○Improve sanitation
○Improve supply of fresh water
○Provide better opportunity for rural dwellers
○Improve facilities and services
81
Q

What is the population density of Hong Kong?

A

6,300 per square kilometre

82
Q

What are the problems of high population density in Hong Kong?

A
  • Overcrowding
  • Lack of clean water
  • Pollution
  • Lack of open space
  • High-rise buildings
83
Q

What is the population density of Mali?

A

13 per square km

84
Q

What are the problems of low population density in Mali?

A
  • Low marriage rates
  • Abandonment of agricultural land
  • Political and economic isolation
85
Q

What should be done to help ease the problems of high population density in Mali?

A

○Farmers educated about farm management
○Transport improved
○Government should attempt to attract industries to relocate in rural areas
○Reduce process of desertification

86
Q

What are the problems of low population density in the West of Ireland?

A
  • Low marriage rates
  • Abandonment of agricultural land
  • Political and economic isolation

JC Geography (20 decks)

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