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Geography > Urban Issues and Challenges - London > Flashcards

Urban Issues and Challenges - London Flashcards

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1
Q

Brownfield Site

A

An old industrial site that is cleared for a new building development.

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2
Q

Economic Opportunities

A

any purchase, sale, lease or other transaction or involving property or services where one may gain an economic benefit.

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3
Q

Greenfield sites

A

sites which have not previously been built on.

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4
Q

Inequalities

A

idea that different people experience different standards of living.

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5
Q

Integrated transport systems

A

all of the different forms of transport can link to one another.

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6
Q

Mega-city

A

large cities with over 10 million people

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7
Q

Natural Increase

A

When the amount of births is greater than the amount of deaths

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8
Q

Pollution

A

the introduction of harmful materials into the environment

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9
Q

Rural-Urban Fringe

A

where the edge of a city and meets the countryside.

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10
Q

Sanitation

A

conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal.

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11
Q

A case study of urban issues and challenges of a major city in the UK

A

London

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12
Q

Example of an urban regeneration project

A

Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, Stratford

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13
Q

What percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas today?

A

54%

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14
Q

Urbanisation

opposite=counter urbanisation

A

The increasing proportion of people living in urban areas

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15
Q

Social deprivation

A

the extent to which a person, or a community, lacks what they really need to have a decent life, such as work, money, housing, and services.

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16
Q

Social opportunities

A

refers to the amount of options open to an individual or group of individuals in a social setting

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17
Q

Squatter settlement

A

a general term to encompass low-quality housing, occupied by the poor

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18
Q

Three examples of megacities

A 
Rio de Janeiro
Cairo
Mumbai
London
Beijing
Istanbul
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19
Q

4 examples of economic push factors (

A

Over population
Lack of services
Poverty
Mechanisation of farming(bad thing)

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20
Q

3 examples of economic pull factors

A

Higher employment
better services
more wealth

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21
Q

4 examples of physical push factors

A

Land scarce
flooding
Drought
Crop failure

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22
Q

3 examples of physical pull factors

A

Lower risk from natural hazards
More fertile land
good climate

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23
Q

4 examples of social push factors

A

Political and/or religious persecution
Civil War
High crime
lack of safety

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24
Q

4 examples of social pull factors

A

Hope for a new life
Political stability
Safer, less crime
Promise of freedom

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25
Q

Population density

A

the number of people in a given area

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26
Q

One fact about London’s importance: Location & Population

A

London has a population of over 9million people

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27
Q

One fact about London’s importance: Travel

A

Public transport journeys have increased by 40% since 2000

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28
Q

One fact about London’s importance: Tourism

A

London has the highest tourist spend in the world with $2.1billion in 2011

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29
Q

One fact about London’s importance: Finance

A

Generates approx. 30% of the UK’s GDP

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30
Q

2 facts about London’s importance: Education

A

London has 40 higher education institutions

1/5th UK student population are in London

31
Q

One fact about London’s importance: Cultural Diversity

A

Over 2 million don’t speak English at home

36% Londoners from minority ethnic groups

32
Q

2 facts about London’s importance: Jobs

A
  1. 1million people commute to london for work every day

5. 3 million jobs

33
Q

One fact about London’s importance: Business

A

London stock exchange is the largest in the world

34
Q

One fact about London’s importance: Environmentally

A

40% of London is green space - greenest city in the world

35
Q

4 cultural impacts of migration on London

A

London riots
Chinese Culture/influence
London arts/heritage
Mini-India (Southall)

36
Q

Examples of recreation and entertainment in London

A 
Buskers
National Gallery
West End
Street Art
Box park
Vintage Markets
Covent Garden
37
Q

Social and Economic Challenges of Urban Change

A

Urban decline
deprivation
dereliction
inequalities

38
Q

Environmental Challenges of Urban Change

A

Building on Brownfield & greenfield sites
waste disposal
Atmospheric pollution
Urban Sprawl

39
Q

Urban Deprivation facts (poverty)

A

More than 1/4 of London’s population lives in poverty

60% children in Camden live in low income housholds

40
Q

What does low education funding lead to in poorer areas

A

Less funding leads to students living in poorer areas to leave school with fewer qualifications
then means that there are high levels of unemployment and low wages

41
Q

How is health affected in deprived areas

A

Deprived areas normally have lower life expectancies and unhealthy lifestyles

42
Q

Housing facts in London

A

House prices are rising faster that anywhere else in the UK

Affordable housing is often in very poor condition

43
Q

How many hectares of brownfield sites are there that are not in line for any developement

A

250 hectares

44
Q

London’s waste facts

A

Around 25% of London’s waste goes to landfill

London produces 20million tonnes of waste every year

45
Q

Effects of Urban Sprawl

A

More Traffic
Health Issues
Environmental Issues
Higher Taxes (the public pay for new infrastructure like new housing)

46
Q

Commuter settlement

A

where people live and travel elsewhere to work

47
Q

Example of a town that has eaten into greenbelt

A

Crawley

48
Q

Advantages of building on Brownfield sites

A

Sites are available since industry declined
Reduces Urban sprawl
Public transport in urban areas (less cars)
New development can improve the urban environment

49
Q

Disadvantages of building on Brownfield sites

A

Old buildings would need to be demolished first
Ground may need to be decontaminated
Land is more expensive

50
Q

Advantages of building on Greenfield sites

A

Land is cheaper

No demolition or decontamination needed

51
Q

Disadvantages of building on Greenfield sites

A

Public transport is worse in rural areas(more cars)
Increases urban sprawl
Once land is built on, it is unlikely to be turned back to countryside
Natural habitats destroyed
Valuable farmland lost

52
Q

Groups of people that would be for building on the Greenbelt land

A

Builders

Poorer People

53
Q

Groups of people who would be against building on greenbelt land

A

Animal rights people
Environmentalists
Rich people (can afford to buy more expensive houses)
People who already live in the urban area (ruin their views, increase traffic, overcrowded town)

54
Q

An example of a regeneration project

A

Queen Elizabeth Park (Olympic Park) Stratford

55
Q

As well as being the second poorest borough in London, Newham has a low average annual salary of:

A

£20,000

56
Q

The London Dockland Regeneration Scheme created:

A

New homes, New city airport, Dockland Light Railway to link the docklands to the city of London

57
Q

Newham has the youngest and most diverse community in London. How many % are under 24?

A

41%

58
Q

What did the Olympic committee promise to do with the Strafford and Newham area

A

Decontaminate the land
Revitalise brownfield sites
create a sustainable legacy

59
Q

Why could businesses not afford to relocate even after being given money from the Olympic committee

A

Because since the Olympics had been announced land prices had shot up

60
Q

what was done with the materials gained from demolishing and cleaning old sites in Lea Valley

A

90% were reused in the new building sites

61
Q

Where is the Olympic park

A

to the north of the Thames on the borders of Newham Waltham Forest Hackney and Tower Hamlets

62
Q

Why was Lower Lea Valley chosen for regeneration

A
  • Low employment rate (jobs)
  • plenty of overgrown, derelict brownfield sites
  • River Lea was contaminated and unusable
  • many rubbish dumping sites
63
Q

Environmental cons of the Olympic games

A

3.3 MILLION TONS OF C02 PRODUCED - (many of the materials used had to be shipped from over seas plus all the travellers
Much of the wildlife had to be relocated

64
Q

Economic cons of the Olympic games

A

Total bill was 5billion over budget

Existing businesses had to move

65
Q

Social cons of the Olympic games

A

Very few of the jobs created went to the local people

Affordable housing had to be destroyed which meant for some people their rent more than doubled

66
Q

Environmental pros of the games

A

The grounds are open to the public as parkland

560 hectares of brownfield sites were decomtaminated

67
Q

Social pros of the olympics

A

40% of east village is affordable housing

A new school was opened on the ground after there was a shortage of places called Chobham Academy

68
Q

How long had H Foreman and Sons been in the area

A

106 years

69
Q

Sustainable city

A

a city that can meet its needs without making it more difficult for future generations to meet theirs

70
Q

Features of sustainable urban living

A

Energy and water conservation
waste recycling
creating green space
transport strategies

71
Q

`How East village residential blocks were made more sustainable

A

Green rooves - wildlife, slow down water dropping off

Car Parking was more expensive for residents encouraging them to have less cars

72
Q

How is East Village an almost circular economy

A

Any natural waste that they produce is burnt as biomass to produce electricity. The excess heat given off during this process in used to heat water which is then pumped underground straight back to the local areas

73
Q

how has London attempted to manage traffic

A
  • Encourage public transport - London Underground takes 3 million people off the streets everyday
  • Congestion charging to discourage drivers from entering the city at peak times
  • Bus priority lanes so that they don’t get caught in traffic so are quicker and so more attractive
74
Q

What did Waltham Forest do to decrease Traffic congestion

A 
BIKES
22km new segregated cycle tracks
1200+ new bike racks
Loaned out bikes for free
7 cycle hubs

And modal filters were built to stop rat runs

Geography (30 decks)

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