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Geography > Tectonic Hazards - done > Flashcards

Tectonic Hazards - done Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard

A

a natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage destruction and death

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2
Q

Examples of atmospheric hazards

A

hurricanes
tornadoes
heat waves
droughts

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3
Q

biological hazards

A

disease
air pollution

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4
Q

How does the relief of land affect the impact

A

The people at the bottom of a hilly area would be hit harder and it would be more disastrous for them than the people at the top

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5
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OUTER CORE AND INNER CORE

A

Outer core - liquid and made of iron and nickel
Inner core - solid from intense pressure

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6
Q

What is the crust and upper mantle referred to

A

Lithosphere

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7
Q

Describe Slab pull

A

the denser oceanic plate sinks into the mantle and pulls the rest of the plate with it due to gravtiy

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8
Q

Describe ridge push

A

Magma rises through the ridge and as it cools it renews the crust. As it slides down the ridge it causes the plates to move away

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9
Q

Oceanic crust is

A

Newest
not very thick
very dense

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10
Q

Continental crust is

A

Older
thick
not very dense

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11
Q

Example of a constructive plate boundary

A

North American and Eurasian plate

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12
Q

Example of a destructive plate boundary

A

South American and Nazca plate

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13
Q

How do fold mountains form

A

Under intense pressure when the plates move together they buckle and the rock is forced up

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14
Q

What type of volcanoes are formed at destructive plate boundaries

A

Explosive eruptions with viscous lava which forms Cone and strato-volcanoes with high gas pressure

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15
Q

Example of a conservative plate boundary

A

pacific and North American plates

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16
Q

Name of the Fault line in California

A

San Andreas Fault

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17
Q

Difference between destructive plate boundaries and collision plate boundaries

A

Destructive - between oceanic crust and continental crust
collision - between two continental crusts

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18
Q

Example of a collision plate boundary

A

Indian plate and Eurasian plate

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19
Q

Why are volcanoes not found on collision margins

A

Because the pressure between the plates is too great for magma to pass its way through

20
Q

What type of volcanoes form on constructive boundaries

A

Shield volcanoes with runny lava and low gas pressure

21
Q

Why does magma rise

A

Driven by buoyancy and gas pressure, the molten rock which is lighter than the surrounding rock forces its way up

22
Q

Lahar

A

a mixture of volcanic ash, rocks, and other debris mixed with water. Many move too fast for people to outrun

23
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow

A

mixtures of hot, dry ash, rock and gas that travel about 80km/hour and range from 200-700*C

24
Q

Jolkulhlaup

A

a flash flood that occurs when a glacier that is on op of a volcano melts

25
Q

What is tephra

A

anything that is blown out of the volcano into the air

26
Q

Two types of earthquake measurement

A

Mercalli Scale - measures damage
Richter Scale - based upon measurements of seismographs

27
Q

What is liquifaction

A

when soft rock is shaken the water comes up and things sink

28
Q

Reasons why people live near tectonic hazards

A
  • Increase in preparation so people feel safe
  • Good job and way of life already
  • Volcanic soils are fertile
  • Tourism is high = jobs
  • Magma contains useful minerals that can be mined after it cools such as gold, silver, zinc, lead, copper
  • Poorer people can’t afford to move away
29
Q

How are Earthquakes predicted

A

There is no way of knowing for certainty that one is coming but they do monitor small tremors

30
Q

How are volcanoes monitored

A
  • Sulphurous gases rising
  • Heat changes and small vibrations
  • Changes in the slope of the volcano
31
Q

Planning strategies for tectonic hazards

A
  • Hazard mapping - important buildings like hospitals are built in low risk areas
  • Emergency supply stockpiling
  • Emergency services practise evacuation plans
  • Safety protocols and drills
  • first aid training
  • securing objects/furniture (earthquakes)
32
Q

Protection strategies for volcanoes

A
  • Steep, sloping rooves so that ash falls off - no collapsing roofs
  • Concrete blocks and explosives are used to divert/slow lava flows
33
Q

How can buildings be protected from earthquakes

A
  • Water tank on top to counteract swaying
  • Base isolation
  • Automatic window shutters(falling glass)
  • Smart metres cutting off electricity
  • Cross bracing
  • flexible structures
  • sea walls in case of tsunamis
34
Q

Example of a building that has been protected from earthquakes

A

Taipei 101 in Taiwan - has a giant steel ball that sways and counteracts the shaking

35
Q

what are the crust and upper mantle called together

A

the lithosphere

36
Q

what are tectonic plates

A

several major fragments of the lithosphere

37
Q

global distribution of earthquakes

A
  • occur at all plate boundaries (those at conservative plate boundaries are usually small and not violent)
  • are both on land and in the sea
  • occur in narrow bands along plate margins
38
Q

global distribution of volcanoes

A
  • occur at constructive and destructive plate boundaries
  • are both on land and in the sea
  • occur in narrow bands along plate margins
39
Q

describe how earthquakes occur at conservative plate boundaries

A
  • pressure builds ass the plates are being pulled in opposite directions
  • as friction is overcome, the rock fractures in an earthquake
40
Q

how are volcanoes formed at constructive boundaries

A
  • hot molten lava rises between the plates then cools to form new plate
41
Q

describe how volcanoes are formed at destructive plate boundaries

A
  • when oceanic and continental plates collide, the denser oceanic plate is subducted under into the mantle where it melts
  • hot magma then forces its way to the surface
42
Q

what is the point where one plate is forced under another called in a destructive plate boundary

A

subduction zone

43
Q

immediate responses to tectonic hazards

A
  • issue warnings
  • rescue teams
  • treatment given
  • provide food, shelter, water
  • recover bodies
  • distinguish fires
44
Q

long term responses to tectonic hazards

A
  • repair buildings and transport infrastructure
  • improve building regulations
  • restore utilities
  • increase monitoring technology
  • resettle locals elsewhere
45
Q

what are the types of natural hazard

A

tectonic - earthquakes and volcanoes
geomorphological hazards - flooding
atmospheric - tropical storms
biological - forest fire

46
Q

factors affecting hazard risk

A
  • concentration of population/number of people vulnerable
  • frequency
  • magnitude
  • wealth of area

Geography (30 decks)

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