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Geography > The changing economic world > Flashcards

The changing economic world Flashcards

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1
Q

define development

A

the progress of a country as it becomes more economically and technologically advanced

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2
Q

what are the BRIC and MINT nations

A

fast developing countries

brazil
russia
india
china
mexico
indonesia
nigeria
turkey

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3
Q

how can development be slowed or even reversed

A
  • war/conflict
  • disease
  • disasters
  • economic recession
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4
Q

how can development be boosted

A
  • investment in agriculture (improve food, then health)
  • improvements in power supplies and education
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5
Q

what are the three categories for development

A
  • LICs
  • NEEs
  • HICs
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6
Q

what is the developmental gap

A

the differences between less and more development

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7
Q

why do we use many indicators for development

A

because one indicator alone can be misleading as some features develop quicker than others which can indicate a country is more developed than it actually is

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8
Q

what are the MEASURES of development

A
  • gross national income per head
  • birth and death rates
  • infant mortality
  • life expectancy
  • people per doctor
  • literacy rates
  • access to safe water
  • human development index
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9
Q

what is GDP and what does it stand for

A

gross domestic product

the total value of a country’s output of goods and services produced in a given year

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10
Q

what is GNI and what does it stand for

A

gross national income

a measure of the total income received by a country from its residents and businesses (both in the country and overseas)

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11
Q

what is HDI and what does it stand for

A

human development index

uses life expectancy, literacy rates, education level and GNI to calculate a score between 0 and 1 (1being most developed)

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12
Q

what is literacy rate

A

the percentage of adults who can read and write

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13
Q

what is birth rate

A

the number of live births per 1000 if the population in a year

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14
Q

what is infant mortality rate

A

the number of children who do not survive to their first birthday per 1000

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15
Q

what is death rate

A

the number of deaths per 100 of the population per year

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16
Q

how would you describe access to safe water as a measure of development

A

percentage of people who have access to safe water

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17
Q

Limitations of Development Measures: GDP

A

ignores non economic factors such as happiness and pollution

leaves out production such as home grown food

18
Q

Limitations of Development Measures: GNI

A

people working in the informal sector are not taken into account

it is an average calculation so a few wealthy people can distort figures

people may not be honest about their earnings

19
Q

Limitations of Development Measures: HDI`

A

the statistics provided by some countries may be unreliable and subjective

based on averages so does not show differences within the country

20
Q

Limitations of Development Measures: literacy rate

A

hard to measure in LICs due to lack of monitoring

difficult to measure in conflict zones and squatter settlements

21
Q

Limitations of Development Measures: life expectancy

A

data not always reliable

22
Q

Limitations of Development Measures: birth rate

A

some countries may have low birth rates but still be quite poor due to other causes such as political ones

birth control policies eg China

23
Q

Limitations of Development Measures: infant mortality

A

not all deaths of children are reported in LICs or remote areas

24
Q

Limitations of Development Measures: access to safe water

A

people may technically have access but not be able to afford it

leaking pipes and natural disasters may leave people without

25
Q

what is the demographic transition model used for

A

illustrating the five general stages of population change that countries pass through as they develop

26
Q

why are birth rates high in LICs

A

lack of contraception
low levels of family planning
high infant mortality
lack of education (women putting off children to continue their career in HICs)
children needing to work

27
Q

what are the physical factors that lead to uneven development

A
  • seabourne trade routes cut off to LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES
  • SMALL COUTNRIES have fewer human and natural resources
  • CLIMATE RELATED DISEASE AND PESTS
  • EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
  • LIMITED ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER
28
Q

what are the economic causes of uneven development

A
  • POVERTY prevents improvement to living standards, education, sanitation and infrastructure
  • TRADE - wealthy regions dominate trade which means they can dictate terms to their advantage at the expense of LICs
  • TECHNOLOGY - existing resources can be used more efficiently and mechanisation of farming increases yields
29
Q

what are the historical causes of uneven development

A
  • COLONISATION - exploitation of resources and people(slavery)
  • CONFLICT - people fighting instead of working, money used to buy weapons instead of improving services, damage to existing infrastructure
30
Q

what are the social causes of uneven development

A
  • low levels of education, healthcare and equality
  • DEMOGRAPHY - population structure (work force), immigration
  • GOVERNMENT POLICY - its stability and effectiveness, democratically elected or not, corrupt investment
31
Q

what are the effects of uneven development

A
  • imbalance between rich and poor (between and within countries)
  • disparities in wealth and health
  • inequality can lead to migration ( as people seek to improve their quality of life)
32
Q

causes of economic change

A
  • de-industrialisation
  • globalisation
  • government policy changes
33
Q

what is de-industiralisation

A

the decline in primary and secondary and the move towards tertiary and Quaternary

34
Q

how has de-industrialisation caused economic change

A
  • labour costs are cheaper, longer working hours and trade unions have to influence
  • mechanisation has reduced production costs and the need for manual labour
35
Q

how has globalisation brought about economic change

A
  • increased world trade with cheaper imported goods
  • taxes are kept low so more people have disposable income, mortgages become easier to obtain
  • markets have become deregulated so companies have to find their own ways to make a profit through change and innovation
36
Q

how have government policy changes brought about economic change

A
  • state-run industries created to boost the economy and support unprofitable businesses
  • austerity measures to rebalance the economy
  • inward investments and improvements to infrastructure
37
Q

features of our post-industrial economy

A
  • development of information technology
  • growing service industries
  • research and development
  • science parks (to further knowledge and fix problems)
  • business parks (sharing resources and collaborating)
38
Q

impact of industry on the physical environment

A
  • landscapes scarred by derelict buildings
  • gas and soot emissions resulting in smog
  • industrial waste products causing air, water and soil pollution
  • transport of raw materials increasing air pollution
39
Q

what are the economic effects of population decline

A
  • services closing
  • farms become less efficient as limited employees
  • increase in tourism as it is a peaceful and quiet area
40
Q

what are the social effects of population decline

A
41
Q

what are the economic effects of population growth

A
  • house prices increase
  • thriving businesses
  • pressure on services
42
Q

what are the social effects of population growth

A
  • lack of affordable housing for locals
  • traffic congestion increases

Geography (30 decks)

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