The changing economic world Flashcards
define development
the progress of a country as it becomes more economically and technologically advanced
what are the BRIC and MINT nations
fast developing countries
brazil
russia
india
china
mexico
indonesia
nigeria
turkey
how can development be slowed or even reversed
- war/conflict
- disease
- disasters
- economic recession
how can development be boosted
- investment in agriculture (improve food, then health)
- improvements in power supplies and education
what are the three categories for development
- LICs
- NEEs
- HICs
what is the developmental gap
the differences between less and more development
why do we use many indicators for development
because one indicator alone can be misleading as some features develop quicker than others which can indicate a country is more developed than it actually is
what are the MEASURES of development
- gross national income per head
- birth and death rates
- infant mortality
- life expectancy
- people per doctor
- literacy rates
- access to safe water
- human development index
what is GDP and what does it stand for
gross domestic product
the total value of a country’s output of goods and services produced in a given year
what is GNI and what does it stand for
gross national income
a measure of the total income received by a country from its residents and businesses (both in the country and overseas)
what is HDI and what does it stand for
human development index
uses life expectancy, literacy rates, education level and GNI to calculate a score between 0 and 1 (1being most developed)
what is literacy rate
the percentage of adults who can read and write
what is birth rate
the number of live births per 1000 if the population in a year
what is infant mortality rate
the number of children who do not survive to their first birthday per 1000
what is death rate
the number of deaths per 100 of the population per year
how would you describe access to safe water as a measure of development
percentage of people who have access to safe water
Limitations of Development Measures: GDP
ignores non economic factors such as happiness and pollution
leaves out production such as home grown food
Limitations of Development Measures: GNI
people working in the informal sector are not taken into account
it is an average calculation so a few wealthy people can distort figures
people may not be honest about their earnings
Limitations of Development Measures: HDI`
the statistics provided by some countries may be unreliable and subjective
based on averages so does not show differences within the country
Limitations of Development Measures: literacy rate
hard to measure in LICs due to lack of monitoring
difficult to measure in conflict zones and squatter settlements
Limitations of Development Measures: life expectancy
data not always reliable
Limitations of Development Measures: birth rate
some countries may have low birth rates but still be quite poor due to other causes such as political ones
birth control policies eg China
Limitations of Development Measures: infant mortality
not all deaths of children are reported in LICs or remote areas
Limitations of Development Measures: access to safe water
people may technically have access but not be able to afford it
leaking pipes and natural disasters may leave people without
what is the demographic transition model used for
illustrating the five general stages of population change that countries pass through as they develop
why are birth rates high in LICs
lack of contraception
low levels of family planning
high infant mortality
lack of education (women putting off children to continue their career in HICs)
children needing to work
what are the physical factors that lead to uneven development
- seabourne trade routes cut off to LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES
- SMALL COUTNRIES have fewer human and natural resources
- CLIMATE RELATED DISEASE AND PESTS
- EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
- LIMITED ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER
what are the economic causes of uneven development
- POVERTY prevents improvement to living standards, education, sanitation and infrastructure
- TRADE - wealthy regions dominate trade which means they can dictate terms to their advantage at the expense of LICs
- TECHNOLOGY - existing resources can be used more efficiently and mechanisation of farming increases yields
what are the historical causes of uneven development
- COLONISATION - exploitation of resources and people(slavery)
- CONFLICT - people fighting instead of working, money used to buy weapons instead of improving services, damage to existing infrastructure
what are the social causes of uneven development
- low levels of education, healthcare and equality
- DEMOGRAPHY - population structure (work force), immigration
- GOVERNMENT POLICY - its stability and effectiveness, democratically elected or not, corrupt investment
what are the effects of uneven development
- imbalance between rich and poor (between and within countries)
- disparities in wealth and health
- inequality can lead to migration ( as people seek to improve their quality of life)
causes of economic change
- de-industrialisation
- globalisation
- government policy changes
what is de-industiralisation
the decline in primary and secondary and the move towards tertiary and Quaternary
how has de-industrialisation caused economic change
- labour costs are cheaper, longer working hours and trade unions have to influence
- mechanisation has reduced production costs and the need for manual labour
how has globalisation brought about economic change
- increased world trade with cheaper imported goods
- taxes are kept low so more people have disposable income, mortgages become easier to obtain
- markets have become deregulated so companies have to find their own ways to make a profit through change and innovation
how have government policy changes brought about economic change
- state-run industries created to boost the economy and support unprofitable businesses
- austerity measures to rebalance the economy
- inward investments and improvements to infrastructure
features of our post-industrial economy
- development of information technology
- growing service industries
- research and development
- science parks (to further knowledge and fix problems)
- business parks (sharing resources and collaborating)
impact of industry on the physical environment
- landscapes scarred by derelict buildings
- gas and soot emissions resulting in smog
- industrial waste products causing air, water and soil pollution
- transport of raw materials increasing air pollution
what are the economic effects of population decline
- services closing
- farms become less efficient as limited employees
- increase in tourism as it is a peaceful and quiet area
what are the social effects of population decline
what are the economic effects of population growth
- house prices increase
- thriving businesses
- pressure on services
what are the social effects of population growth
- lack of affordable housing for locals
- traffic congestion increases
