Upper limb sheet 2

Question 1

Give example of daily functioning activity involving elbow joint

Answer 1

Reaching to take something

Question 2

What movement/s is occurring at the elbow joint during overhead reach?

Answer 2

Flexion then extension

Question 3

For each of the movement of elbow joint, identify axes and planes

Answer 3

Both sagittal plane, mediolateral axis

Question 4

What muscles produce movements at the elbow

Answer 4

Flexors - Brachioradialis, biceps brachii (long and short), pronator teres, brachialis
Extensors - triceps, anconeus

Question 5

Explain your understanding of Helping neutraliser with example(s) and explain how it is different to True neutraliser

Answer 5

True neutraliser - counters movement of agonist, doesn’t contribute to wanted movement

Helping neutraliser - counters unwanted movement of agonist and contribute to wanted movement

Example:
Bicep brachii does elbow flexion
Pronator teres = helping neutraliser
True neutraliser = pronator quadratus

Question 6

Classify the elbow joint and describe its articulating surfaces and identify the ligaments. Explain attachments of MCL/LCL/annular ligament of elbow.

Answer 6

Elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint with 1 degree of freedom. It allows for the movements of flexion and extension. The articulating surfaces are the capitulum with radial head, trochlea with olecranon. There is an anterior and posterior capsule, the anterior is continuous with annular ligament and radial and ulna collateral ligaments. The posterior capsule is strengthened by the triceps tendon. The LCL connects from the lateral epicondyle to the radial head. The MCL connects from the medial epicondyle to the coranoid process of ulna. The annular ligament attaches from the posterior and anterior margins of the radial notch of the ulna.

Question 7

Which joint does Supination and Pronation take place?

Answer 7

Superior radioulnar joint

Question 8

Explain the morphology, attachments & actions of Trapezius. Name the nerve that supplies it.

Answer 8

Large flat, triangular sheet of muscle. Origin = occipital proturbance, nuchal line, upper portion of ligamentum nuchae, SP of C7-T12. Insertion = Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula. Actions = C-side flexion, C-extension, scapular elevation, upwards rotation of scapula.
Innervated by spinal accessory nerve.

Question 9

Explain the morphology, attachments & actions of Serratus anterior. Name the nerve that supplies it.

Answer 9

Thin fan shaped muscle, oblique running fibres. Origin = superolateral surfaces of 1-8/9 ribs at lateral wall of thorax. Insertion = superior angle, medial border, and inferior angle of scapula. Actions = scapula protraction, stabilises scapula and assists with upwards rotation. Innervated by long thoracic nerve from brachial plexus.

Question 10

What is the root value of common peroneal nerve. Outline the course and name the branches

Answer 10

L4-S2
Apex of popliteal fossa to anteriolateral of lower leg

Question 11

Name the muscles responsible for wrist flexion/ extension

Answer 11

Flexors: flexor carpi ulnaris, radialis
Flexor digitorum superifialis +profundus, flexor pollicis longus

Extensors: Extensor carpi radialis (longus/brevis) + ulnaris, extensor digitorum + pollicis (longus + brevis) + indicis

Question 12

Explain the morphology, attachments & actions of Triceps. Name the nerve that supplies the muscle.

Answer 12

Fusiform muscle, 3 heads (lateral, medial and long)

Origin: Infraglenoid tubercle (long), lateral side of posterior humerus (lateral), medial side of posterior humerus (medial)

Insertion: Olecranon process

Action: Shoulder and elbow extension

Nerve: Radial