Upper limb sheet 1

Question 1

What muscles produce cervical extension?

Answer 1

Ext: Semispinalis capitis & cervicis Levator scap Trap Erector spinae
Flex: Longus colli + capitis, sternocleidomastoid
Side: sterno, scalenes, lev scap, trap
Rotation: Sterno, semispinalis, splenius

Question 2

In what planes and axis do cervical movements occur

Answer 2

Flex/extension = sagittal, mediolateral
Side flex = frontal, anteroposterior
Rotation = transverse, longitudinal

Question 3

Explain local and global stabilisers with an example in upper and lower limb

Answer 3

Local = stabilises one attachment to allow movement of required attachment
Global = stabilises body positions rather than muscle

E.g lev scap wants to side flex and elevate scap, lower fibres of trap stabilise the scapula to perform efficient side flexion

Question 4

Classify elbow joint. Describe structures including articular surfaces, capsule, intra and extra capsular structures. Explain attachments of MCL/LCL/annular ligament

Answer 4

synovial hinge joint, 1 degree of freedom, articulations of capitulum with radial head and trochlea with olecranon, anterior capsule is weak and is continuous with annular ligament and ulnar and radial collaterals, posterior capsule is weak but is strengthened by tendon or triceps. Extra capsular structure include olecranon bursa. MCL attaches from anterior inferior surface of medial epicondyle and joints to the ulna from the humerus. LCL attaches from lateral humeral epicondyle and inserts into crista supinatoris of proximal ulna. Annular ligament is attaches at both ends to radial notch of ulna

Question 5

Explain attachments and actions of biceps, name nerve supply

Answer 5

Origin: Supraglenoid fossa (long head), Corocoid process (short head)
Insertion: Radial tuberosity
Action: Elbow flexion, shoulder flexion, supinator
Nerve: musculocutaneous

Question 6

Explain attachment and action of erector spinae, name nerve supply

Answer 6

Origin: sacrum, iliac crest, spinous process T11-L5
Insertion: Ribs, transverse process, mastoid process
Action: Extension of spine, side flexion or rotation
Nerve: dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Question 7

What is the root value of tibial nerve, outline course and name muscles supplied

Answer 7

L4,5,S1,2,3
Posterior compartment of leg, gastroc, soleus, tib post, popliteus, flex digi long, flex hallucis long

arises at popliteal fossa to sole of foot through posterior aspect of lower leg

Question 8

Explain scapulo humeral rhythm

Answer 8

Coordinated movement of humerus, clavicle and scapula.

First 30 degrees abduction, minimal scapula movement
After, there is a 2:1 ratio in humerus:scapula movement
This is to allow a fuller range of movement and to avoid impingement on the clavicle

Question 9

What structures attach to scaphoid/ pisiform/ hook of hamate/ ridge of trapezium

Answer 9

Pisiform = flexor retinaculum

Scaphoid = flexor retinaculum

Hook of hamate = flexor retinaculum

Ridge of trapezium = flexor retinaculum