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Musculoskeletal System > Upper limb Osteology > Flashcards

Upper limb Osteology Flashcards

0
Q

What is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Articulation between medial clavicle and manubrium of the sternum

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1
Q

Which end of the clavicle is enlarged and triangular?

A

-Sternal end

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2
Q

Which part clavicle is concave and which part convex?

A
  • Medial two thirds convex

- Lateral third concave

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3
Q

What is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

-Articulation between acromium and clavicle

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4
Q

Which end of the clavicle is flat?

A

-Lateral end which articulates with acromium

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5
Q

What is the main function of the clavicle?

A

-Keep the upper limb away from the trunk

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6
Q

How does the spine of scapula divide it?

A
  • Small supraspinous fossa

- Large infraspinous fossa

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7
Q

What is the concave anterior surface of scapula called?

A

-Subscapular fossa

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8
Q

Name the borders of the scapular

A
  • Medial border
  • Lateral border
  • Superior border
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9
Q

What is a continuation of the spine of scapula?

A

-Acromion

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10
Q

What articulation occurs at the gleno-humeral joint?

A

-Between glenoid cavity on lateral surface of scapula and head of humerus

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11
Q

What articulations does the humerus have at the elbow?

A
  • Capitulum with radial head

- Trochlea with trochlear notch of ulna

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12
Q

What defines the anatomical neck of the humerus?

A

-The groove around the head of humerus

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13
Q

What is a common site of fracture for the humerus?

A

-The surgical neck

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14
Q

What tendon passes in intertubecular groove?

A

-Long head of biceps brachii

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15
Q

What are the two prominent features of the humeral shaft?

A
  • Deltoid tuberosity

- Radial Groove

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16
Q

What lies within the radial groove?

A
  • Radial Nerve

- Profunda Brachii

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17
Q

What are the prominent features of the distal humerus?

A
  • Medial and Lateral epicondyles
  • Olecronon fossa
  • trochlea
  • Capitulum
  • Radial and coronoid fossa
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18
Q

When does the coronoid fossa receive the coronoid process?

A

-During full flexion of the elbow

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19
Q

When does the olecronon fossa receive the olecronon?

A

-During full extension of the forearm

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20
Q

When does the radial fossa receive the radial head?

A

-When the elbow is fully flexed

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21
Q

Which bone is the longest and medial in the forearm?

A

-Ulna

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22
Q

What muscle tendon attaches to the ulnar tuberosity?

A

-Brachialis

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23
Q

What ligament surrounds the radial head?

A

-Annular ligament

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24
Q

Which styloid process is larger, radial or ulnar?

A

-Radial

25
Q

Which styloid process lies most distally?

A

-Radial

26
Q

In what direction do the fibres of the interosseous membrane run?

A

-An oblique course passing inferiorly from radius to ulna

27
Q

Which bones make the wrist joint?

A
  • Scaphoid
  • Lunate
  • Triquitrum
  • Radius
28
Q

What are the three areas of a metacarpal?

A
  • Base
  • Shaft
  • Head
29
Q

How can the clavicle vary in manual workers?

A

-Thicker and more curved, with sites of muscular attachment more marked

30
Q

What is the most common cause of a clavicular fracture?

A
  • Falling onto outstretched hands in children

- Fall directly onto the shoulder

31
Q

What is the weakest point of the clavicle?

A

-The point between the medial two thirds and the lateral third

32
Q

How does a broken clavicle present physically?

A
  • The shoulder will be dropped with the superior end of medial two third fragment prominent
  • Patient will be supporting sagging limb with other limb
33
Q

Why does a fractured clavicle present with a dropped shoulder?

A

-Trapezius is unable to hold lateral fragment up, due to the weight of the upper limb and the shoulder drops

34
Q

Why is the medial two thirds of a fracture clavicle become prominent?

A

-Sternocleidomastoid muscle elevates the medial fragment of bone

35
Q

How come the acromioclavicular joint is not disrupted in a clavicular fracture?

A

-Coracoclavicular ligament is strong and prevents dislocation

36
Q

What is a green-stick fracture?

A

-A fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken, the other side is bent

37
Q

Why can ossification of the clavicle complicate fracture diagnosis?

A
  • Clavicle does not finish fusion of epiphysis, results in a bony defect between lateral and medial thirds which can be mistaken for a fracture
  • Epiphysis can occur at acromial end of clavicle which can sometimes be mistaken for a fracture
38
Q

When would a scapula fracture occur?

A

-Severe trauma eg pedestrian-vehicle accident

39
Q

What is also likely to fracture if the scapula has fractured?

A

-Ribs

40
Q

Why do fracture of scapula require little treatment?

A

-Both sides covered by muscles

41
Q

Where is the most commonly fractured site of humerus?

A

-Surgical neck

42
Q

Who are fractures of surgical neck of humerus common in?

A

-Elderly with osteoporosis

43
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

-One fragment is driven into the spongy bone of another fragment

44
Q

Why is it possible for some humeral neck fractures to be only a little painful?

A

-Often impacted fracture which means the fracture site is stable and movement is possible with little pain

45
Q

What is an avulsion fracture of the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

-A small part of the greater tubercle is torn away from the main mass

46
Q

When do avulsion fractures of the greater tubercle normally occur?

A

-From a direct fall onto the acromion

47
Q

What is the main cause of a transverse fracture of shaft of humerus?

A

-Direct blow to the arm

48
Q

When would an intercondylar fracture of the humerus occur?

A

-Severe fall on flexed elbow -> olecranon forced between medial and lateral part of condyle

49
Q

What nerve is possibly damaged during surgical neck fracture?

A

-Axillary

50
Q

What nerve is possibly damaged during mid-shaft humeral fracture?

A

-Radial nerve

51
Q

What nerves are at possible risk of damage from fracture of distal humerus?

A
  • Median nerve

- Ulnar nerve

52
Q

What is a colles fracture?

A

-Complete transverse fracture of the distal 2cm of the radius

53
Q

Who do distal radial fractures usually occur in?

A

-People over 50 years, especially women

54
Q

Why does a dinner fork deformity occur in a colles fracture?

A

-Fragment of distal radius is posteriorly displaced

55
Q

What is the main cause of colles fracture?

A

-Falling on pronated outstretched hands

56
Q

What is the most frequently fractured carpal bone?

A

-Scaphoid

57
Q

Why can avascular necrosis occur in scaphoid fractures?

A

-Blood supply comes distally, fracturing the scaphoid can disrupt the blood supply and result in avascular necrosis of the proximal fragment

58
Q

How is fracture of scaphoid examined?

A

-Pain in anatomical snuff box

59
Q

What is a boxers fracture and when does it occur?

A
  • Fracture of the 5th metacarpal

- Unskilled person punches someone with a closed hand and abducted fist

Musculoskeletal System (34 decks)

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