Session 1 - Bones and joints Flashcards
Why is a fat embolism a possible complication of a break?
-If lipid escapes from the yellow marrow within a bone and enters a broken vessel it can cause a fat embolus
What are the main functions of the skeleton?
- Support
- Protect
- Shape
- Movement
- Mineral storage
- Haematopoeisis
- Lipid storage
What is the axial skeleton?
- Skull
- Vertebral Column
- Rib Cage
What is the main function of the axial skeleton?
-Protect and support
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
-Upper and Lower limbs
What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton?
-Mobility
What are the 5 types of bone?
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular (pneumatic)
- Sesamoid
Define tuberosity
-Roughened, rounded elevation, often site of muscle attachment
Define tubercle
-Small rounded elevation, often site of muscle attachment
Define meatus
-Tunnel/canal
Define fissure
-Cleft or narrow slit
Define facet
-Flattened surface for joint/muscle attachment
Define foramen
-Hole or opening
Define sinus
-Hollow space
Define condyle
Large prominence or rounded surface
Define epicondyle
-Smaller prominence above a condyle which is often the site of muscle attachment
Define spine/spinous process
-Slender projection
Define fossa
-Depression
Define notch
-Large groove
Define crest
-Ridge
Name the three classifications of joints
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
What determines joint classification?
-The type of tissue which joins the joint
What is a fibrous joint?
-An immovable joint which is fixed by connective tissue
Give an example of a fibrous joint
- Sutures of skull
- Syndesmosis of radius and ulna
- Gomphosis of teeth
What are the two types of cartilaginous joint?
-Primary and secondary
What is a synchondrosis?
-A cartilaginous joint connected by hyaline cartilage (ie a primary cartilaginous joint)
What is a symphysis?
-A cartilaginous joint which is connected by fibrocartilage (ie a secondary cartilaginous joint)
Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint?
-Only 1 permanent in the body -> the 1st sternocostal joint
Why are some primary cartilaginous joints not permanent joints?
-They are the epiphyseal growth plates which close after growth
Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint
- Extensive throughout body
- Pubic symphysis
- IVD
- Menisci of knee
What are the three defining features of a synovial joint?
- Articular capsule
- Synovial fluid
- Articular cartilage
What makes up an articular capsule of a synovial joint?
-The fibrous capsule and the synovium/synovial membrane
What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?
-Hyaline
What types of accessory structures do some synovial joints have?
- Ligaments
- Menisci
A hinge joint permits what movement?
-Flexion and extension
Give an example of a hinge joint
-Elbow
A saddle joint permits what movement?
- Side to side
- Anterior/Posterior
Give an example of a saddle joint
-The carpometacarpal joint of 1st digit (ie between trapezium and 1st metacarpal)
What type of movement does a ball and socket joint permit?
-Movement in several axes
Describe a ball and socket joint
-Rounded head fits into a concavity
Give an example of a ball and socket joint
- Shoulder
- Hip
What movement does a pivot joint permit?
-Rotation
Describe a pivot joint
-Bony process fits into a ligamentous socket
Give an example of a pivot joint
-Atlantoaxial joint
What type of movement does a condyloid joint permit?
- Extension
- Flexion
- Circumduction
- ADduction
- ABduction
Give an example of a condyloid joint
-Metacarpo-phalangeal joint
What movement does a plane joint permit?
-sliding/gliding
Give an example of a plane joint
-Acromioclavicular joint
What 3 things determine joint stability?
- Ligaments
- Depth of articular surface
- Muscles/muscle tone
In which direction is a sagittal plane?
-From forehead to crown
In which direction is a coronal plane?
-From ear to ear
In which direction is a transverse plane?
-Horizontal
