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Musculoskeletal System > Session 9 - The Knee joint > Flashcards

Session 9 - The Knee joint Flashcards

1
Q

What are the articulations in the knee joint?

A
  • Tibial plateau
  • Condyles of femur
  • Patella
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2
Q

Which condyle of the femur is larger and why?

A
  • Medial

- Takes more weight

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3
Q

Why is there an anterior shallow depression on the distal femur?

A

-Where patella articulates

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4
Q

Where is the intercondylar fossa?

A

-Posterior deep notch of the femur between the condyles

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5
Q

Which epicondyle of the femur has the adductor tubercle?

A

-Medial

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6
Q

What ligaments attach to the epicondyles of the femur?

A

-Collateral ligaments

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7
Q

What do the condyles of the tibia form? Describe the surface of this

A
  • Tibial plateau
  • Medial surface slightly concave superiorly
  • Lateral surface slightly convex superiorly
  • Raised and rough areas known as the intercondylar eminence separate the two sides
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8
Q

What bony landmark lies within the tibial plateau?

A

-Intercondylar eminence

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9
Q

What attaches to the intercondylar eminence?

A

-Cruciate ligaments

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10
Q

What are menisci?

A

-Wedge-shaped circular fibrocartilaginous bands which cover the articular surface of the tibia

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11
Q

What is the function of menisci?

A
  • Deepen the articular surface of tibial element
  • Provide stabilisation and support
  • Act as shock absorbers
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12
Q

How many menisci are there?

A

-2 (one medial one lateral)

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13
Q

How are the menisci attached at the knee?

A
  • Attached to the intercondylar eminence and to the joint capsule via coronary ligaments
  • Attached to each other anteriorly by the transverse ligament of the knee
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14
Q

What factors stabilise the knee joint?

A
  • Menisci
  • Muscles (Quadriceps femoris/iliotibial tract)
  • Ligaments
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15
Q

What are the intracapsular ligaments which stabilise the knee?

A

-Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

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16
Q

Where does the anterior cruciate ligament attach?

A

-Anterior tibia, posterior femur

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17
Q

-What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A
  • Prevents tibia moving anteriorly/femur moving posteriorly

- Limits hyperextension

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18
Q

Which is the weaker cruciate ligament?

A

-Anterior

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19
Q

Where is the posterior cruciate ligament attached?

A

-Posterior tibia

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20
Q

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligaments?

A
  • Stops tibia moving posteriorly, femur moving anteriorly

- Limits hyperflexion

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21
Q

What is a pneumonic to remember cruciate ligaments?

A

-PAMs APLles
Posterior moves Anteriorly and inserts Medially
Anterior moves Posteriorly and inserts Laterally

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22
Q

What are the main extracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

-Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

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23
Q

Where does the medial collateral ligament inserts and attach?

A
  • Extends from medial epicondyle of femur
  • Inserts into medial condyle of tibia
  • Attaches to medial meniscus
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24
Q

Which collateral ligament blends with the joint capsule and which is separate?

A
  • Lateral is separate

- Medial blends

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25
Q

Where does the lateral collateral ligament attach?

A

-Lateral fibular head

26
Q

Except cruciates and collaterals, what other ligaments are involved in the knee joint?

A
  • Patella ligament

- Oblique and Arcuate popliteal ligaments

27
Q

What is the function of the popliteal ligaments?

A

-Re-enforce joint laterally

28
Q

Which muscles extend the knee joint?

A

-Quadriceps femoris

29
Q

Which muscles flex the knee joint?

A
  • Sartorius
  • Gracilis
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastronemius
  • Plantaris
30
Q

What muscles internally/medially rotate the knee?

A
  • Semitendinosus
  • Sartorius
  • Gracilis
  • Semimembranosus
31
Q

Which muscles externally rotate the knee?

A

-Biceps femoris

32
Q

Which muscles make the hamstrings?

A
  • Biceps femoris (long head and short head)
  • Semimembranosus
  • Semitendinosus
  • Part of adductor magnus
33
Q

Where do the hamstrings attach at the pelvis?

A

-Ischial tuberosity

34
Q

What nerve innervates the hamstrings?

A

-Tibial (except short head biceps femoris-> common fibular)

35
Q

When is the posterior cruciate ligament most often damaged?

A

-Falling on tibial tuberosity with flexed knee

36
Q

How is the posterior cruciate ligament tested?

A

-Posterior draw test

37
Q

When is the anterior cruciate ligament most commonly damaged?

A

-during hyperextension

38
Q

How is the anterior cruciate ligament tested?

A

-Anterior draw test

39
Q

Why is the lateral menisci usually undamaged?

A

-It is mobile

40
Q

Why do menisci usually heal well?

A

-They have a good blood supply

41
Q

What is the unhappy triad?

A

-Damage to medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament

42
Q

Why is the medial meniscus usually damaged in medial collateral ligament damage?

A

-They are firmly attached together

43
Q

When does the unhappy triad usually occur in knee injuries?

A
  • Lateral twisting of flexed knee

- Blow to the side of the knee

44
Q

What type of arthritis is most common in the knee?

A

-Osteoarthritis

45
Q

Which bursa are the most commonly effected by bursitis in the knee?

A
  • Supra-patella
  • Pre-patella
  • Superficial infra-patella
46
Q

What is the laymans term for pre-patella bursitis?

A

-Housemaids knee

47
Q

What is the laymans term for infra-patella bursitis?

A

-Clergyman’s knee

48
Q

What is a popliteal cyst?

A

-Abnormal fluid filled sacks of synovial membrane in the popliteal fossa

49
Q

What is a differential diagnosis of popliteal cyst?

A

-Popliteal artery aneurysm

50
Q

How are knee injuries most commonly investigated?

A
  • Plain film x-ray
  • MRI
  • Clinical examination
  • Aspiration
  • Arthroscopy
51
Q

Why does the knee joint require extra things for stabilisation?

A

-The tibial plateau and the condyles of the femur are a mismatch of shapes

52
Q

Why is the lateral menisci more mobile than the medial?

A

-Its points of attachment at the eminence are closer to each other allowing for mor movement

53
Q

What are the most important muscles of quadriceps femoris in stabilising the knee?

A
  • Vastus lateralis

- Vastus medialis

54
Q

What re-enforces the ligaments of the lateral knee?

A

-Ilio-tibial tract

55
Q

The oblique popliteal ligament is an extension of…

A

…tendon of semimembranosis

56
Q

Why and how does the knee lock during extension?

A
  • Makes it easier to stand

- Femur rotates slightly internally over tibia and the knee joint can be held in position

57
Q

What muscle helps to ‘unlock’ the femur?

A

-Popliteus helps to rotate the femur externally

58
Q

With what injuries are the menisci usually damaged?

A

-Medial collateral or anterior cruciate ligament injury

59
Q

What is the most common cause of bursitis?

A
  • Chronic friction

- Direct trauma

60
Q

Which bones are involved in the knee joint?

A
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Patella
61
Q

Describe the blood supply to the knee

A
  • complex genicular anastamoses around the knee

- popliteal artery runs through popliteal fossa

Musculoskeletal System (34 decks)

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