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Musculoskeletal System > Session 12 - The ankle > Flashcards

Session 12 - The ankle Flashcards

1
Q

What makes the ankle joint unstable?

A
  • Centre of gravity passes just in front

- Gravitational pull makes it unstable

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2
Q

What are the two main types of injuries which occur at the ankle?

A
  • Sprains

- Fracture

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3
Q

Why are the tendons of the foot susceptible to bow-stringing during movement? What prevents this?

A
  • The change in direction from the leg to the foot

- Flexor and extensor retinaculum (Crural fascia)

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4
Q

How is the ankle designed to support body weight?

A
  • Broad base
  • Robust
  • Stable when weight-bearing
  • Absorbs shock
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5
Q

How is the ankle designed to allow locomotion?

A
  • Loose to permit displacement of joint for walking (opposes robust)
  • Stable when moving
  • Light weight
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6
Q

What 3 bones make the ankle joint?

A
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Talus
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7
Q

What articulations are made in the ankle joint?

A
  • Superior between tibia and talus
  • Medial between medial malleolus and talus
  • Lateral between lateral malleolus and talus
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8
Q

Where do the long and short saphenous veins run in relation to malleoli?

A
  • Long runs anteriorly to medial malleolus

- Short runs posteriorly to lateral malleolus

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9
Q

What ligaments support the distal tibio-fibular syndesmosis?

A

-Anterior and posterior tiobiofibular ligaments

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10
Q

What are the main functions of the ankle?

A
  • Transfer weight to the foot and bears all the body weight

- Integral to locomotion

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11
Q

What deepens the articulating surfaces of the ankle joint?

A

-Posterior tiobiofibular ligament

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12
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

-Synovial hinge joint

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13
Q

What is the classical name for a synovial hinge joint?

A

-Ginglymus

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14
Q

Why is the ankle described as a mortise and tenon joint?

A
  • Distally the tibia and fibular form a concavity/box called a mortise
  • The talus inserts into the concavity and is the tenon
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15
Q

Why is the hinge-joint of the ankle different from other hinge joints?

A

-It is a rolling hinge joint as the superior surface of talus is rounded and allows axis rotation of the hinge, changing during dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

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16
Q

What bones make the ankle proper? What other bones are a pssibility of being involved in the ankle joint?

A
  • Tibia, fibular and talus

- Calcaneous

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17
Q

What are the stabilising features of the ankle joint proper?

A
  • Malleioli
  • Posterior tibiofibular ligament
  • Transverse tibiofibular ligament
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18
Q

Which bones in the ankle are weightbearing?

A

-Talus and tibia

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19
Q

What are the three arches present in the foot?

A
  • Medial longitudinal arch
  • Lateral longitudinal arch
  • Transverse arch
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20
Q

What makes the medial longitudinal arch?

A
  • Calcaneous
  • Talus
  • Navicular
  • 3 cuniforms
  • 1st, 2nd and 3rd metatarsals
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21
Q

What makes the lateral longitudinal arch?

A
  • Calcaneous
  • Cuboid
  • 4th and 5th metatarsals
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22
Q

What forms the transverse arch?

A

-Articulations between tarsals and metatarsals

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23
Q

What type of bones are the tarsals of the foot?

A

-Short bones

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24
Q

How many surfaces does each tarsal bone have?

25
What type of attachments does talus have?
-Ligamentous only
26
In what direction is the long axis of talus lie?
-Antero-medial plane (oblique)
27
Describe the superior surface of talus
-Rounded with convex medial and lateral edges and the central being concave
28
What is another name for the superior surface of talus?
-Trochlear
29
What is the main difference between the anterior and posterior surfaces of talus?
-Anterior is wider than posterior
30
What bones does talus articulate with?
-Tibia, fibular and calcaneous
31
What is the subtalar joint?
-The talo-calcaneal joint between talus and calcaneous
32
What typf of joint is the subtalar joint?
-Uniaxial hinge joint
33
What are the articulations between talus and calcaneous?
- One anteriorly between a convex area of talus and a concave area of calcaneous - One posteriorly between the concave surface of talus and convex surface of calcaneous
34
What is the tarsal canal?
-A deep groove which rune between the two articulations of the subtalar joint (also called sinus tarsi)
35
What type of movement does ankle proper allow?
-Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
36
What type of movement does the subtalar joint allow?
-Inversion and eversion (Side to side motion of foot)
37
What is the purpose of inversion and eversion?
-Allow walking on uneven ground
38
What are the normal degrees of inversion and eversion?
- Inversion = 30 | - Eversion = 15
39
What is dorsiflexion?
-Narrowing of the angle between the anterior surface of the leg and the dorsal surface of the foot
40
What is plantarflexion?
-Widening of the angle between the anterior surface of the leg and the dorsal surface of the foot
41
What happens to the articulations of ankle proper on dorsiflexion?
-Broad anterior portion of talus occupies and almost completely fills the mortise
42
Why id dorsiflexion more stable than plantar flexion?
-Wide anterior portion fits tightly with the tibio-fibular syndesmosis contributing stability in extreme dorsiflexion
43
What happens to the articulations of ankle proper in plantar flexion?
-Narrow posterior segment of talus occupies mortise
44
Why is there some adduction and abduction in plantarflexion and not dorsiflexion?
-On plantarflexion, narrow talus in mortise allows some rotational movement
45
When is the ankle proper least stable?
-Plantarflexion
46
What nerve and corresponding roots enables dorsiflexion?
-Deep fibular nerve from roots L4-S3 (sciatic)
47
What muscles are responsible for dorsiflexion?
- Tibilis anterior - Extensor digitorum longus - Extensor hallucis longus
48
What nerve and roots allows plantarflexion?
- Tibial division of sciatic nerve | - L4-S3 (sciatic)
49
What muscles are responsible for plantarflexion?
-Triceps surae (gastronemius and soleus) | Assisted by tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus
50
Describe the medial ligament of the ankle
- Also known as deltoid ligament - Strongest ankle ligament which re-enforces medial malleolus - Fan-shape, combined by 4 segments running inferiorly from medial malleolus - Has superficial and deep fibres
51
Describe the superficial fibres of the medial ligament
- Anterior tibia-navicular ligament - Middle calcaneo-tibial ligament - Posterior talo-tibial ligament
52
Describe the deep fibres of the medial ankle ligament
-Anterior talo-tibial ligament | medial malleolus to medial talus
53
What tendons cross the medial ankle ligament?
- Tibialis posterior | - Flexor digitorum longus
54
Describe the lateral ankle ligament
- 3 separate bands radiating from lateral malleolus - Anterior and posterior attach to talus - Intermediate pass to calcaneus
55
Name the ligaments of the ankle joint
- Medial ligament (deltoid) - Lateral ligament - Syndesmosis
56
Which bones are normally involved in a fractures ankle?
-Malleoli
57
Why is it rare to break the ankle only on one side?
-The ankle joint forms a ring of bones and ligaments; medial malleolus to talus via deltiod talus to lateral malleolus via lateral ligament fibula to tibia via syndesmosis -So injuries commonly effect both the lateral and medial aspects of the joint
58
What is potts fracture?
-A term applied loosely to a variety of bimalleolar ankle fractures
59
What causes potts fracture?
- Excessive eversion results in combined ABduction an lateral rotation which pulls on the strong medial ligament tearing off the medial malleolus - Talus then moves laterally and shears off the lateral malleolus and more commonly the tibio-fibular syndesmosis

Musculoskeletal System (34 decks)

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