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Musculoskeletal System > Lower limb osteology > Flashcards

Lower limb osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bony landmarks of a hip bone?

A
  • Iliac crest
  • Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
  • Ischial spine
  • Ischial tuberosity
  • Acetablum
  • Obturator foramen
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2
Q

What three bones fuse to form the hip bone?

A
  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
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3
Q

What is the sacroiliac joint?

A

-The articulation between the sacrum and the ilium

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4
Q

What ligament runs between the sacrum and the ischial spine?

A

-Sacrospinous ligament

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5
Q

What stabilises the three bones which make the hip when unfused?

A

-Triradiate cartilage

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6
Q

Where anatomically does the acetablum lie?

A

-Laterally

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7
Q

How can a fracture of neck of femur be identified on an xray?

A
  • Greater trochanter will appear larger due to lateral rotation
  • Toes point laterally
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8
Q

What articulates with head of femur?

A

-Acetabulum

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9
Q

What is the angle of inclination?

A
  • Angle between midline of head and midline of shaft

- Approx. 125 degrees

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10
Q

Where is the intertrochanteric line?

A

-Anterior between the two trochanters

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11
Q

Where is the intertrochanteric crest?

A

-Posterior between the two trochanters

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12
Q

What bones make the pelvic girdle?

A
  • 2 hip bones
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
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13
Q

What runs between the sacrum and the ischial tuberosity?

A

-Sacrotuberous ligament

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14
Q

What lines are present on the posterior of the femur?

A

-Pectineal line which blends into linear aspera which splits into lateral and medial supra-condylar lines

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15
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the femur?

A
  • Greater and lesser trochanter
  • Epicondyles
  • Condyles
  • Adductor tubercle
  • Intercondylar fossa
  • Gluteal tuberosity
  • Linear aspera
  • Patella surface
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16
Q

What articulates with the tibia?

A

-Medial and lateral condyles

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17
Q

What is the fovea capitis?

A

-Central depression in head of femur where the ligament of head of femur attaches

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18
Q

Where does the femur often fracture?

A

-Neck of femur (Hip Fracture)

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19
Q

Where is the adductor tubercle located?

A

-Immediately above the medial epicondyle

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20
Q

Which way does the neck of femur project?

A

-Superio-medially

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21
Q

What is the beneit of the shat running slightly medially?

A

-Increases stability

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22
Q

What attaches in the intercondylar fossa?

A

-Cruciate ligaments

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23
Q

When do fractures of the shaft occur?

A

-They are uncommon, have to be high force such as RTA

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24
Q

Why is it important to check the blood supply when examining fracture of shaft of femur?

A

-Femoral artery supplies the whole limb

25
Q

Which bone bears weight in the leg?

A

-Tibia

26
Q

-What does the tibia articulate with?

A
  • Condyles of femur
  • Fibula
  • Talus
27
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the tibia?

A
  • Tibial condyles forming the tibial plateau
  • Intercondylar eminence with intercondylar tubercles
  • Tibial tuberosity
  • Medial malleolus
  • Soleal line
28
Q

What attaches to the intercondylar eminence?

A
  • Cruciate ligaments

- Menisci

29
Q

What is the main articulation of the knee?

A

-Tibial plateau with condyles of femur

30
Q

Where do the intercondylar tubercles lie during articulation with the femur?

A

-In the Intercondylar fossa of the femur

31
Q

What ligament attaches to tibial tuberosity?

A

-Patella ligament

32
Q

What articulates with medial malleolus of tibia?

A

-Talus

33
Q

What lies between tibia and fibula?

A

-Interosseous membrane

34
Q

Who most commonly fractures the tibia?

A

-Middle aged/elderly

35
Q

Which part of the tibia most commonly fractures?

A

-Proximal

36
Q

Why can there be minimal displacement during a tibial fracture?

A

-If the fibula is not involved in the fracture it supports the tibial fragment

37
Q

At which side of the tibia does the fibula lie?

A

-Lateral

38
Q

-How does the fibula contribute to the ankle?

A

-Lateral malleolus articulates with talus

39
Q

What are the articulations of the fibula?

A
  • Talus distally

- Tibia proximally and distally

40
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the fibula?

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Leteral malleolus
41
Q

Where does the common fibula nerve lie in relation to fibula?

A

-Posteriolaterally to fibula neck

42
Q

Where are common fractures of the fibula?

A

-Lateral malleolus

43
Q

What are the most common causes of fractures to lateral malleolus?

A
  • Forced external rotation (spiral fracture)

- Eversion (transverse fracture)

44
Q

What is indicated if osteophytes appear in the joint of the knee?

A

-Osteoarthritis

45
Q

Name the groups of bones of the foot

A
  • Tarsals (7)
  • Metatarsals (5)
  • Phalanges (3 on each digit except 1st which has 2)
46
Q

Name the tarsal bones

A
  • Talus
  • Calcaneus
  • Navicular
  • Lateral, intermediate and medial cuneiform
  • Cuboid
47
Q

What does talus articulate with?

A

-Tibia and fibula (medial and lateral malleolus)

48
Q

Where is the subtalar joint?

A

-Between talus and calcaneus

49
Q

How is neck of talus often fractured?

A

-Forced dorsiflexion pushes neck against tibia causing fracture

50
Q

What is a possible complication of fracture of neck of talus?

A

-Avascular necrosis if blood supply disrupted

51
Q

Why is there little displacement in talar fractures?

A

-Malleolus holds in place

52
Q

How is body of talus usually fractured?

A

-Jumping from a height causing a crush-type injury as talus is driven into calcaneus

53
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

-Bone breaks into several fragments

54
Q

What are the most frequently fractured tarsals?

A
  • Talus

- Calcaneus

55
Q

How is calcaneus usually fractured?

A

-Jumping from a height causing a comminuted fracture

56
Q

What is the calcaneocuboid joint?

A

-Articulation between calcaneus anteriorly and cuboid

57
Q

Which tarsals articulate with metatarsals?

A
  • cuneiforms

- Cuboid

58
Q

How do metatarsal fractures commonly occur?

A
  • Direct blow to foot
  • Excessive inversion of foot
  • Stress fractures
59
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

-Incomplete fracture caused by repeated stress to the bone

Musculoskeletal System (34 decks)

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