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Z N Anatomy > Upper Limb > Flashcards

Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What joint is the wrist?

A

Radiocarpal

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2
Q

What type of joint is the radoiocarpal joint?

A

ellipsdoi biaxial synovial joint

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3
Q

How is the wrist joint reinforced?

A
  • radial and ulnar collateral ligaments

- Doral and plasmar (volar) radiocanal ligaments

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4
Q

What does the wrist joint permit?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • adduction
  • circumduction
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5
Q

What are the ligaments are in the radiocapral ligament?

A
  1. Long radiolunate ligament
  2. Short radiolunate ligament
  3. Radioscaphocapitate ligaments
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6
Q

What are the ligaments in the palmar ulnocarpal ligament?

A
  1. ulnolunate ligament
  2. ulnocapitate ligament
  3. ulnotriquetral ligament
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7
Q

What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?

A

biaxial saddle (sella) joint (with trapezium_

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8
Q

What does the carpotemetacarpal joint of the thumb allow?

A
  • felxion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • circumduction
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9
Q

What type of joints are the other four carpometacarpal joint?

A

plane synovial joints that permit gliding movements

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10
Q

What could a fracture of the surgical neck of humorous cause?

A
  • The region just below the lesser tubercle
  • May injure axillary nerve of brachial plexus
  • Fracture of clavicle usually happen from outstretched arm in middle third
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11
Q

What is special about the clavicle?

A
  1. 1st bone to ossify but the last bone to fuse and is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification
    - one of the most commonly fractured bones.
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12
Q

What does the deltoid tuberosity allow?

A

Midshaft on the humerus is the deltoid tuberosity, the insertion point for the deltoid muscle

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13
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder?

A

multiaxial synovial ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint

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14
Q

What movements are in the shoulder joint?

A
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • circumduction
  • felxion
  • extension
  • rotation
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15
Q

How many tendon are on rotator cuff?

A
  • 4 tendons help stabilise joint
  • The 4 tendons of the rotator cuff muscles reinforce the joint posteriorly, superiorly, and midanteriorly (subscapularis tendon).
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16
Q

What type of joint is the acromiocalvicular joint?

A

A synovial plane joint between acromion and clavicle

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17
Q

What movement does the acromiocalvicualr joint allow?

A

This joint permits gliding movement as the arm is raised and the scapula rotates

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18
Q

Why does the shoulder dislocate?

A
  • Because of the wide range of motion at the shoulder and its rather shallow glenoid cavity, this joint is one of the most frequently dislocated joints in the body
  • This glenohumeral joint usually dislocates in an anterior or anteroinferior direction (subcoracoid dislocation) and can place the axillary and musculocutaneous nerves of the brachial plexus at risk for injury
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19
Q

What is the glenoid cavity deepened by?

A

The glenoid cavity is deepened by the presence of the glenoid labrum (lip)

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20
Q

How is blood supplied to the shoulder?

A

by branches of the suprascapular, humeral circumflex, and scapular circumflex arteries

21
Q

Why are bursae clinically significant?

A
  • Bursae are synovial-lined, fluid-filled enclosed cushions that protect tendons and ligaments from injury related to frictional movement over adjacent bony projections or other rough surfaces
  • They may become infected, fill with fluid, and become quite painful
22
Q

What type of shoulder dislocations are allowed?

A

Posterior

23
Q

When can dislocations of shoulders happen?

A
  • Dislocations of the elbow may be accompanied by fractures of the humeral epicondyle, olecranon (ulna), radial head, or coronoid process of the ulna
  • The median or ulnar nerve of the brachial plexus, or both, may be injured in elbow dislocations or fractures
24
Q

When do dislocations of the radius and ulna happen?

A
  • Fractures of the proximal radius usually involve the head or neck of the radius.
  • Ulnar fractures often occur from a direct blow to or forced pronation of the forearm and involve the ulnar shaft.
25
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

uniaxial synovial hinge (ginglymus) joint

26
Q

What joints are in the elbow joint?

A
  1. humeroradial joint (between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius)
  2. the humeroulnar joint (between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna)
  3. proximal uniaxial radioulnar synovial (pivot) joint that participates in supination and pronation (rotation).
27
Q

What are the movements about the elbow?

A
  • flexion

- Extension

28
Q

How is the elbow joint stabilised?

A
  1. The laterally placed radial collateral ligament and medially placed triangular ulnar collateral ligament
  2. The anular ligament holds the head of the radius in place.
29
Q

What is the blood supply to the elbow?

A

by branches of the brachial artery and recurrent collateral branches of the radial and ulnar arteries

30
Q

What does the interserrous membrane contribute to?

A

to the radioulnar joint, a fibrous (syndesmosis) joint

31
Q

What are the anterior muscles of the forearm?

A

The anterior compartment muscles are largely flexors of the wrist and fingers and pronators

32
Q

What are the posterior muscles of the forearm?

A
  • the posterior compartment muscles are extensors of the wrist and fingers and one is a supinator
  • Distally, the radius and the ulna display styloid processes.
33
Q

What is a Colle’s fracture?

A

A Colles’ fracture is a fracture of the distal radius, commonly occurring from a fall on an outstretched hand. In such fractures, the distal fragment of the radius is forced proximally and dorsally, resulting in a “dinner fork” deformity

34
Q

How many carpal bones are there?

A

8

35
Q

How many metacarpal bones are there?

A

5

36
Q

What bones articulate with the distal radius to form the radiocarpal wrist joint?

A

scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum

37
Q

What are the most common fractured bones in the hand?

A
  • The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal
  • The scaphoid lies just below the “anatomical snuffbox” (dorsal region at the base of the thumb), so pain and swelling are common over this area
  • The 5th metacarpal is the most commonly fractured metacarpal, and the distal phalanx of the middle finger is the most commonly fractured digit of the hand.
38
Q

What joint is proximal to the wrist?

A

-Distal Radioulnar joint

39
Q

What type of joint is the radioulnar joint?

A

uniaxial synovial pivot (trochoid) joint between the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius

40
Q

What movement does the radioulnar joint allow?

A
  • protonation

- supination

41
Q

What type of joint is the metacapophalangeal joint?

A

Biaxial condyloid synovial joints

42
Q

What movement does the metacapophalangeal allow?

A
  • felxion
  • extension
  • Abduction
  • adduction
  • circumduction
43
Q

What is the capsule supported by?

A

Collateral and palmar (volar) ligaments

44
Q

How do collateral ligaments acts in flexion and extension?

A
  • Flexion: tight

- Extension: loose

45
Q

What types of joints are the interinterphalangeal joints (proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal)?

A

uniaxial synovial hinge joints that participate in flexion and extension

46
Q

What do the palmar ligaments prevent?

A

hyperextension

47
Q

What dislocations are common?

A
  • Dorsal dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint is fairly common
  • Palmar and rotational dislocations are uncommon but can occur
  • Distal dislocations or fractures of the distal interphalangeal joint may occur from a direct blow to the fingertip (mallet finger), as from a blow by a baseball or volleyball, often resulting in extensor tendon damage
48
Q

What do the interphalangeal joints for digits 2 through 5 include?

A
  • proximal interphalangeal joint and a distal interphalangeal joint
  • These joints are uniaxial synovial hinge joints that are reinforced by palmar ligaments and 2 collateral ligaments
  • They permit flexion and extension
49
Q

When do fractures of metacarpals occur?

A
  • Fractures of the metacarpals can occur from direct blows (boxer fractures)
  • They may not only disrupt the bones and ligaments but may also affect the pull of the muscle tendons that attach to the metacarpals
  • These fractures need to be carefully set so that optimal finger function can be achieved after the injury heals and the patient undergoes physical therapy.

Z N Anatomy (35 decks)

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