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Z N Anatomy > B and SC 1.2 > Flashcards

B and SC 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the extrinsic back muscles concerned with?

A

Extrinsic muscles of the back are really concerned with movements of the upper limb or of the rib cage and are not true “intrinsic” back muscles

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2
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A
  1. trapezius
  2. latissimus dorsi
  3. levator scapulae
  4. rhomboid major and minor
  5. Serratus posterior superior and inferior muscles
    - All of these muscles are concerned with movements of the upper limb except the serratus muscles, which move the rib cage
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3
Q

What muscles are true intrinsic back muscles?

A

The erector spinae muscles

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4
Q

What is chronic back pain and the common causes?

A
  • The extrinsic muscles can be strained with excessive movements of the neck, upper limbs, or rib cage
  • Chronic back pain, most common in the lumbar region, is a major health issue
  • The pain may be due to:
    1. disorders of the vertebral ligaments, joints, or intervertebral discs
    2. disorders of the dura mater covering the spinal cord
    3. nerve root compression
    4. or cramping of muscles.
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5
Q

What is the origin of the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles?

A

The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles blend together and arise from the ligamentum nuchae and the spinous processes of the C7-T6 vertebrae (capitis from C7-T3 and cervicis from T3-T6)

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6
Q

Where do capitis muscles insert?

A

Capitis fibers insert into the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the lateral third of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

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7
Q

Where do cervicis muscles insert?

A

The cervicis fibers ascend to attach to the transverse processes of the C1-C3 vertebrae and the posterior tubercle of C3

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8
Q

What is the action of the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles?

A

Acting with their opposite partners, the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis extend the head and neck. Acting unilaterally, they laterally bend the head and neck to the side of the contraction.

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9
Q

What is the innervation of the capitis?

A

The capitis is innervated by the posterior rami of the middle cervical spinal nerves

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10
Q

What is the innervation of the cervicis?

A

The cervicis is innervated by the posterior rami of the lower cervical spinal nerves

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11
Q

What do the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles form?

A

The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis form the superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles

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12
Q

What are the intrinsic back muscles usually innverated by?

A
  1. Generally, intrinsic back muscles are innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves. 2. The semispinalis capitis and erector spinae muscles also are deep intrinsic muscles.
  2. The teres minor and major muscles and the supraspinatus muscle are scapular muscles associated with movements of the upper limb
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13
Q

Can the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles be involved in neck pain?

A
  1. As intrinsic muscles that extend the neck, these muscles can be involved in neck pain
  2. This pain may be a result of simple muscle tension, holding one’s neck in an unusual fixed position for a long period of time (when awake or asleep), or hyperextension
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14
Q

What can spasm result in?

A

Spasm (a reflexive cramping) of the muscle may eventually produce ischemia in the muscle, adding to the pain

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15
Q

What is the origin of the rhomboid minor muscle?

A

The rhomboid minor muscle arises from the ligamentum nuchae and the spinous processes of the C7 and T1 vertebrae

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16
Q

What is the origin of the rhomboid major muscle?

A

The rhomboid major muscle arises from the supraspinous ligaments and the spinous processes of the T2-T5 vertebrae

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17
Q

Where do the rhomboid major and minor muscle insert?

A
  1. The fibers of these 2 muscles often blend together and attach to the medial border of the scapula from about the level of the spine to the inferior angle
  2. The rhomboid minor also attaches to the smooth triangular surface at the medial end of the spine of the scapula
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18
Q

What is the action of the rhomboid major and minor muscles?

A
  1. These muscles retract the scapula and rotate it to depress the glenoid cavity
  2. They also fix the scapula to the thoracic wall
  3. They assist in forcibly lowering the raised upper limb
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19
Q

What is the innervation of the rhomboid major and minor muscles?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5)

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20
Q

What type of the muscles are the rhomboid major and minor muscles?

A
  • The rhomboid minor and rhomboid major muscles are superficial back muscles.
    1. Most superficial back muscles have attachments to the scapula and are involved with movements of the upper limb.
    2. The rhomboid major is about 2 times wider than the rhomboid minor.
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21
Q

What can damage to the dorsal scapular nerve cause?

A

Damage to the dorsal scapular nerve can weaken the rhomboid muscles, resulting in an ipsilateral shift of the scapula as the pull of the other scapular muscles draws the bone toward the shoulder (winged scapula)

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22
Q

How would you test the rhomboids?

A

The rhomboids may be tested clinically by having the patient place the hands posteriorly on the hips and then push the elbows posteriorly against resistance

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23
Q

What is the origin of the serratus posterior superior muscle?

A

The serratus posterior superior muscle attaches to the lower extent of the ligamentum nuchae and the spinous processes of the C7-T3 vertebrae

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24
Q

What is the origin of the serratus posterior inferior muscle?

A

The serratus posterior inferior muscle attaches to the spinous processes of the T11-L2 vertebrae and their supraspinous ligaments

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25
Q

Where does the serratus posterior superior/inferior insert?

A
  1. Four fleshy digitations attach the serratus posterior superior to the 2nd to 5th ribs just lateral to their angles.
  2. The serratus posterior inferior divides into 4 flat digitations that insert into the inferior borders of the last 4 ribs just lateral to their angles
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26
Q

What is the actions of the serratus posterior superior and inferior?

A
  1. The serratus posterior superior elevates the ribs

2. the serratus posterior inferior pulls the ribs outward and downward, counteracting the inward pull of the diaphragm.

27
Q

What is the innervation of the serratus posterior superior?

A

the anterior rami of the T1-T4 spinal nerves

28
Q

What is the innervation of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

the anterior rami of the T9-T12 spinal nerves

29
Q

What type of muscles are the serratus posterior superior/inferior?

A

These 2 muscles have attachments to the ribs, are considered muscles of the thoracic wall (can be lumped into extrinsic back muscles), and act on the ribs during respiration

30
Q

Are the serratus posterior superior/inferior ever fused?

A

These 2 muscles are often thin and may be fused to overlying musculature

31
Q

When is the serratus posterior superior/inferior well developed?

A
  • These 2 sets of muscles are accessory muscles of respiration and may be well developed in athletes.
  • In the elderly, however, they are often thin and even difficult to discern
  • Rarely, the serratus posterior inferior may be entirely absent
32
Q

What is the origin of the semispinalis capitis muscle?

A

arises by a series of tendons from the transverse processes of the first 6 or 7 thoracic vertebrae and the lower cervical vertebra

33
Q

What is the insertion of the semispinalis capitis muscle?

A

This broad muscle inserts between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone

34
Q

What is the action of the semispinalis capitis muscle?

A

Extends the head and cervical spine, and rotates the head so that the face turns toward the opposite side

35
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis muscle?

A

Posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

36
Q

What group is the semispinalis capitis muscle part of?

A
  1. The semispinalis capitis is 1 of 3 groups of semispinalis muscles
  2. The other 2 are the cervicis and thoracis groups.
  3. The semispinalis capitis muscle covers the semispinalis cervicis muscle
37
Q

What are subocciptal muscles innervated by?

A

by the suboccipital nerve (C1 posterior ramus)

38
Q

What are the semispinalis musicales part of?

A
  1. The semispinalis muscles (capitis, cervicis, and thoracis components) are part of the transversospinal muscle group, which is situated deep to the erector spinae and fills the concave region between the transverse and spinous processes of the vertebrae.
  2. This group of muscles sometimes is referred to clinically as the paravertebral muscles
39
Q

When can the deep intrinsic muscles of the neck be strained?

A

These deep intrinsic muscles of the neck may become strained with excessive movements of the neck or when the neck is kept fixed in one position for a long time

40
Q

What does the erector spinae muscle consist of?

A
  1. iliocostalis
  2. longissimus
  3. spinalis muscle
41
Q

Where do the rejector spinal muscles arise from?

A
  • They arise by a broad tendon (deep to the thoracolumbar fascia) from
    1. the posterior aspect of the iliac crest,
    2. the posterior aspect of the sacru
    3. the sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes
    4. The supraspinous ligament.
42
Q

Where does the iliocstalis muscles attach?

A

The iliocostalis muscles attach to the angles of lower ribs and the cervical transverse processes

43
Q

Where does the longissimus muscle insert?

A

The longissimus muscles attach to the ribs between the tubercles and angles, to the transverse processes in the thoracic and cervical vertebral regions, and to the mastoid process of the temporal bone

44
Q

Where does the spinalis muscle insert?

A

The spinalis muscles attach to the spinous processes in the upper thoracic region and midcervical region and to the skull

45
Q

What is the action of these erector spinea muscle?

A
  1. Together, these muscles extend the vertebral column and head
  2. Unilaterally, they bend the vertebral column laterally
  3. Specifically, the erector spinae are powerful extensors of the thoracic and lumbar spine
  4. Their action on the cervical spine is weak and overshadowed by the actions of the semispinalis and splenius muscles
46
Q

What is the innervation fo these erector spinea muscles?

A

Posterior rami of the respective spinal nerves in each region

47
Q

What is the iliocostalis muscles classified into?

A

Because of their locations, the iliocostalis muscles are classified into lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis groups

48
Q

What is the longissimus muscle classified into?

A

the longissimus muscles into thoracis, cervicis, and capitis groups

49
Q

What is the spinals muscles classified into?

A

spinalis muscles into thoracis, cervicis, and capitis groups

50
Q

When can these erector spinae muscles come into harm?

A

These strong extensors of the spine can come under extreme stress when one is lifting heavy objects, especially when one lifts with the back instead of keeping the spine straight and lifting with the powerful leg muscles

51
Q

What does the deepest layer of back muscles includes?

A

Transversospinal (or pasraverteral) muscles

52
Q

What do the trasnverspinal muscles include?

A
  • semispinalis
  • multifidi
  • rotatores
    1. Most of these muscles arise from the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae 2. They pass superiorly to attach to spinous or transverse processes of vertebrae above.
53
Q

What are the transverospinal muscles important for?

A

stabilizing the vertebrae during movements of the vertebral column, and they can assist in extension and rotary movements of the vertebrae

54
Q

What are the transverospinal muscles innervated by?

A

All are innervated by posterior rami of the respective spinal nerves in each region

55
Q

What are trasnverospinal muscles referred to?

A

Clinicians often refer to the transversospinal muscles simply as the paravertebral muscles because they form a solid mass of muscle tissue interposed between the transverse and spinous processes

56
Q

What is myofascial back pain?

A
  • a syndrome that is common but poorly understood
    1. involves localized musculoskeletal pain (deep aching or burning pain) associated with specific trigger points
    2. usually over the erector spinae muscles that maintain posture, especially in the neck and lower back
57
Q

What does the suboccipital region comprises of?

A

muscles in the deep, posterior aspect of the neck, and these muscles are associated with the atlas and axis (C1 and C2 vertebrae)

58
Q

What type of muscles are these?

A

argely postural, but they also assist with head movements

59
Q

What are the muscles of the sub occipital region innervated by?

A

The muscles of the suboccipital region are innervated by the posterior ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve

60
Q

What nerves are found in the sub occipital region?

A

The first 3 pairs of cervical spinal nerves (posterior rami)

61
Q

Why is there sub occipital nerve peculiar?

A

the suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of C1) does not possess cutaneous sensory nerve fibers, so dermatome charts showing the back and top of the head begin with C2, rather than depicting a C1 dermatome

62
Q

What does the sub occipital nerve have?

A

possess proprioceptive (position sense) fibers in addition to its somatic efferents and postganglionic sympathetic fibers

63
Q

Why is atherosclerosis dangerous?

A

The vertebral arteries supply blood to the brain, along with the internal carotid arteries, and atherosclerosis of these arteries can compromise the blood supply to the brain

Z N Anatomy (35 decks)

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