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Z N Anatomy > H and N 1.4 > Flashcards

H and N 1.4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of Tensor veli palatini muscle?

A

arises from the scaphoid fossa of the medial pterygoid plate, spine of the sphenoid bone, and cartilage of the auditory tube

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2
Q

What is the insertion of Tensor veli palatini muscle?

A

attaches to the palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate and the palatine crest on the horizontal plate of the palatine bone

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3
Q

What is the action of Tensor veli palatini muscle?

A
  1. Tensor veli palatini muscle tenses the soft palate

2. By contracting, opens the auditory tube during swallowing and yawning to equalize pressure in the middle ear

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4
Q

What is the innervation of Tensor veli palatini muscle?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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5
Q

What does Tensor veli palatini muscle allow?

A

The tensor veli palatini muscle tenses the fibers of the soft palate so that the levator veli palatini muscle can act on them

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6
Q

How does the Tensor veli palatini muscle equalise pressure?

A
  • The tensor not only tenses the soft palate during elevation by the levator veli palatini but also opens the auditory (pharyngotympanic, eustachian) tube during swallowing and yawning
  • This helps equalize the pressure in the middle ear and explains why chewing gum, swallowing, or yawning can relieve the pressure and pain in the middle ear when landing in an airplane
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7
Q

What makes up the soft palate?

A

Interdigitating fibers of the levator veli palatini muscle make up most of the soft palate, along with the little uvular muscle

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8
Q

What do the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches contatin?

A
  1. small slips of muscle (with the same names as the arches) beneath their mucosal surfaces
  2. . These thin muscle slips are innervated by the vagus nerve
  3. The palatine tonsil is nestled in the palatine fossa, between these 2 folds.
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9
Q

Where does the buccinator muscle lie?

A
  • deep to the oral mucosa of the cheek and helps keep food between the molars
  • This muscle of facial expression is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)
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10
Q

What populate the mucosa lining the hard palate?

A

Numerous minor salivary glands

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11
Q

What happens if the parasympathetic fibres of the facial nerve are damaged?

A
  1. If the parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve are damaged (they travel in the lingual nerve of CN V3), 2 of the 3 major salivary glands will be denervated (the submandibular and sublingual glands), as will the numerous minor salivary glands, also supplied by facial parasympathetic nerves
  2. Consequently, the oral mucosa will appear drier than normal.
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12
Q

What is the origin of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

arises from the pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, posterior portion of the mylohyoid line of the mandible, and side of the tongue

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13
Q

Where does the superior pharyngeal constrictor insert?

A

The superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles from each side meet and attach to the median raphe of the pharynx and pharyngeal tubercle of the occipital bone.

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14
Q

What is the action of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

constricts the wall of the upper pharynx during swallowing

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15
Q

What is the innervation of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Pharyngeal plexus of the vagus nerve (CN X)

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16
Q

What do the 3 pharyngeal constrictors allow?

A
  1. The 3 pharyngeal constrictors help move food down the pharynx and into the esophagus
  2. To accomplish this, these muscles contract serially from superior to inferior to move a bolus of food from the oropharynx and laryngopharynx into the proximal esophagus.
  3. The superior constrictor lies largely behind the mandi
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17
Q

What forms the pharyngeal plexus?

A
  • Although the motor innervation of the pharyngeal constrictors is via the vagus nerve (CN X)
  • The sensory innervation of all but the most superior part of the pharynx (the constrictor muscles and the mucosa lining the interior of the pharynx) is via the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
  • Together, the fibers of CN IX and X form the pharyngeal plexus and function in concert with one another during swallowing
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18
Q

What is the origin of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

arises from the stylohyoid ligament and the greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone

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19
Q

What is the insertion of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

The middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles from both sides wrap around and meet to attach to the median raphe of the pharynx

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20
Q

What is the action of the Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle constricts the wall of the pharynx during swallowing

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21
Q

What is the innervation of Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Pharyngeal plexus of the vagus nerve (CN X).

22
Q

How do the fibres of the pharyngeal constrictors blend?

A
  1. The middle pharyngeal constrictor lies largely behind the hyoid bone
  2. The fibers of the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors often blend together, but the demarcation point can be seen where the stylopharyngeus muscle intervenes.
23
Q

What is the origin of the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

arises from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage and side of the cricoid cartilage

24
Q

What is the insertion of Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

The 2 inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles wrap posteriorly to meet and attach to the median raphe of the pharynx

25
Q

What is the action of the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle constricts the wall of the lower pharynx during swallowing

26
Q

What is the innervation of the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A

-Pharyngeal plexus of the vagus nerve (CN X). -Some minor contributions may come from the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerves of the vagus

27
Q

Where does the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle lay?

A

lies largely behind the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

28
Q

What are the different part of Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle referred to?

A
  1. Its lower end is referred to as the cricopharyngeal muscle, which is continuous with the esophageal muscle fibers
  2. The cricopharyngeal portion of this muscle is considered the superior esophageal sphincter. It contains a significant amount of elastic tissue and slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers
  3. This allows the muscle to maintain its tone, so that it can quickly contract and relax during swallowing, belching, or vomiting
  4. The point at which the inferior constrictor attaches to the cricoid cartilage represents the narrowest portion of the pharynx.
29
Q

What can injury to the pharyngeal fibres from CN X result in?

A

difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

30
Q

Where do the Stylopharyngeus muscle arise from?

A

arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone

31
Q

Where does the Stylopharyngeus muscle attach?

A

attaches to the posterior and superior margins of the thyroid cartilage

32
Q

What is the action of the Stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

elevates the pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking

33
Q

What is the innervation of the Stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

34
Q

Where does the Stylopharyngeus muscle pass?

A

The stylopharyngeus muscle passes between the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors

35
Q

Is the Stylopharyngeus muscle one of the styloid processes?

A
  1. The stylopharyngeus is 1 of 3 muscles arising from the styloid process of the temporal bone (the others are the styloglossus and stylohyoid)
  2. Each muscle is innervated by a different cranial nerve and arises from a different embryonic branchial arch.
36
Q

Where does the Stylopharyngeus muscle arise for embyongically?

A

The stylopharyngeus arises embryologically from the 3rd pharyngeal (branchial) arch and is the only muscle innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

37
Q

What would a lesion to the motor fibres of CN IX result in?

A

A lesion to the motor fibers of CN IX that innervate the stylopharyngeus muscle can lead to pain when the patient initiates swallowing

38
Q

What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A
  • The sternocleidomastoid muscle has 2 heads of origin
    1. The sternal head arises from the anterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum
    2. The clavicular head arises from the superior surface of the medial third of the clavicle
39
Q

What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

attaches to the lateral surface of the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the lateral half of the superior nuchal line

40
Q

What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

tilts the head to 1 side, flexes the neck, and rotates the neck so the face points superiorly to the opposite side. When the muscles of both sides act together, they flex the neck

41
Q

What is the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Accessory nerve (CN XI and C2 and C3)

42
Q

What happens for the sternocleidomastoid muscle during forced inspiration?

A

When the head is fixed during forced inspiration, the 2 sternocleidomastoid muscles acting together can help elevate the thorax

43
Q

Why is the sternocleidomastoid muscle special?

A
  1. The sternocleidomastoid is 1 of 2 muscles innervated by the accessory nerve
  2. Although the accessory nerve is classified as a cranial nerve, it does not possess any fibers originating from the brainstem
  3. Its nerve fibers originate in the upper cervical spinal cord, so its classification as a “true” cranial nerve is problematic
44
Q

Why is the accessory nerve susceptible to injury?

A
  1. This nerve is susceptible to injury where it crosses the posterior cervical triangle between the SCM muscle and the trapezius muscle
  2. CN XI innervates both of these muscles.
45
Q

What is congenital torticollis?

A
  1. Congenital torticollis is a contraction of the SCM that can result from a fibrous tissue tumor that develops in the muscle (wry neck). 2. A twisting of the neck occurs such that the head is tilted toward the lesioned side (ipsilaterally) and the face is turned contralaterally
46
Q

What is spasmodic torticollis?

A

Spasmodic torticollis occurs more commonly in adults and can affect the SCM or several other cervical muscles

47
Q

Where does the Sternohyoid muscle arise from?

A

arises from manubrium of the sternum and medial portion of the clavicle

48
Q

What is the insertion of the Sternohyoid muscle?

A

inserts on inferior border of the body of the hyoid bone

49
Q

What is the action of the Sternohyoid muscle?

A

depresses the hyoid bone after swallowing (the hyoid bone is elevated when swallowing)

50
Q

What is the innervation of the Sternohyoid muscle?

A

C1, C2, and C3 from the ansa cervicalis

51
Q

What group is the Sternohyoid muscle part of?

A
  1. The sternohyoid is part of the group of infrahyoid muscles
  2. These muscles are often referred to as “strap” muscles because they are long and narrow
  3. They are involved in movements of the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage during swallowing, speaking, and mastication (chewing)
52
Q

What happens to the Sternohyoid muscle if there is swelling in the neck?

A
  1. The infrahyoid, or “strap,” muscles are surrounded by an investing layer of cervical fascia that binds the neck muscles in a tight fascial sleeve
  2. Swelling within this confined space can be painful and potentially damaging to adjacent structures. Immediately deep to this investing fascia is a “pretracheal space” anterior to the trachea and thyroid gland, which can provide a vertical conduit for the spread of infections

Z N Anatomy (35 decks)

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