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Z N Anatomy > H and N 1.9 > Flashcards

H and N 1.9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the size of the parotid gland?

A

The parotid salivary gland is the largest of the 3 paired salivary glands

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2
Q

What is the journey of the parotid gland?

A

The parotid duct passes horizontally from the gland, pierces the buccinator muscle, and enters the oral cavity opposite the 2nd maxillary molar tooth

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3
Q

Where does the fascial nerve exit?

A

The facial nerve (CN VII) exits through the stylomastoid foramen, passes through the parotid gland, and distributes its 5 terminal branches over the face

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4
Q

What are the 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve?

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Buccal
  4. Marginal Mandibular
  5. Cervical branches
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5
Q

Why is surgery of parotid gland dangerous?

A

Surgery involving the parotid gland (tumor resection) or trauma to this region of the face places the terminal motor branches of the facial nerve (CN VII) in jeopardy, which could result in paralysis or weakness to 1 or more of the facial muscles.

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6
Q

What can a stone cause?

A

A stone (calculus) may occlude the parotid (Stensen’s) duct, necessitating its removal

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7
Q

What is the parotid gland innervate by?

A

innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) via preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that course to the otic ganglion via the lesser petrosal nerve, synapse in the ganglion, and send postganglionic fibers to the gland via the auriculotemporal branch of CN V3

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8
Q

What does the lacrimal apparatus consist of?

A

lacrimal glands, which secrete tears, and a system of collection ducts

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9
Q

What do lacrimal ducts do?

A

Lacrimal ducts convey tears from the glands to the conjunctival sac, and the lacrimal canaliculi drain them into the lacrimal sac

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10
Q

Where to tears drain?

A

drain down the nasolacrimal duct and empty into the inferior nasal meatus behind the inferior nasal concha

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11
Q

How are tears produced?

A
  • Under parasympathetic autonomic control exerted by nerve fibres that originate in the facial nerve (CN VII)
  • And ultimately reach the glands via the lacrimal nerve a brach of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
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12
Q

What is the plica semilunaris?

A

The human plica semilunaris is our remnant of the nictitating membrane (a 3rd eyelid that is transparent), seen in many other vertebrates, especially birds, reptiles, and some mammals

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13
Q

What do tears contain?

A
  1. albumins
  2. lactoferrin
  3. lysozyme
  4. lipids
  5. metabolites
  6. ectrolytes
    - provide a protective layer of fluid that helps keep the cornea moist and protected from infection
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14
Q

What is dry eye?

A

Dry eye (insufficient tear production) is not uncommon and can be treated with lubricating moisturizing eyedrops or systemically with prescription medications

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15
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

A
  1. an external fibrous layer consisting of the sclera and transparent cornea
  2. a middle vascular pigmented layer consisting of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris;
  3. an internal neural layer, the retina
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16
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A
  • The fovea centralis, a central depression in the macula, is an avascular region that contains cones but no rods
  • This area provides the most acute vision.
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17
Q

How does light travel?

A

Light passes to the retina through the refractive media of the eye, which consists of the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor

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18
Q

What is cataract?

A
  • An opacity of the lens
  • treatment involves surgically removing the lens and implanting a plastic lens and then correcting the vision with glasses
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19
Q

What is glaucoma?

A
  • An increase in ocular pressure usually due to poor reabsorption fo aqueous humour
  • This increased pressure may damage the retina
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20
Q

What is the region of the eyeball (globe) between the zonular fibres and the iris?

A

The posterior chamber

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21
Q

How does the posterior chamber communicate?

A

by an opening in the iris (the pupil), with the anterior chamber lying between the iris and the cornea

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22
Q

What does. the. aqueous humour do?

A

Aqueous humor, continuously produced by the ciliary process of the ciliary body, fills these 2 chambers and is absorbed into the trabecular meshwork and scleral venous sinus.

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23
Q

What do the dilator and sphincter muscles (smooth muscles) of the iris do?

A

Account for dilation and constriction of the pupillary opening

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24
Q

What does contraction of the ciliary muscles (circular fibres) do?

A

Contraction of the ciliary muscle (circular fibers) has a sphincteric action on the ciliary body such that the zonular fibers relax and the elastic lens becomes more rounded in shape, leading to accommodation for focusing on objects close to the eye.

25
Q

What is the machoism of glaucoma?

A
  1. An increase in ocular pressure above normal limits can lead to glaucoma
  2. This condition usually results from increased resistance to outflow of the aqueous humor via the scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm).
  3. This increase in intraocular pressure can damage the optic disc where axons are passing from retinal ganglion cells through the optic nerve to the brainstem.
26
Q

What does the external ear consist of?

A
  • The auricle

- The external acoustic meatus

27
Q

What does the middle ear consist of?

A

-The tympanic cavity and its 3 ossicles

28
Q

What is the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity formed by?

A

-The tympanic membrane (eardrum)

-

29
Q

What is the medial wall of the tympanic cavity?

A

The medial wall contains the oval and round windows

30
Q

What are the auditory ossicles?

A

The auditory ossicles include the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)

31
Q

What does the middle ear connect to?

A

The middle ear connects to the nasopharynx by the auditory (eustachian) tube

32
Q

What can happens via the auditory tube?

A

air may enter or leave the middle ear cavity and equalize middle ear pressure with atmospheric pressure

33
Q

What does the inner ear consist of?

A

the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus

34
Q

What is the acoustic and vestibular apparatus inverted by?

A

CN VIII the vestibulocohlear nerve

35
Q

What is the external ear innervated by?

A

by sensory branches from CN V3, CN VII, and CN X

36
Q

What is the middle ear innervated by?

A

by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

37
Q

What is acute otitis externa?

A

Acute otitis externa, better known as swimmer’s ear, is an inflammation or infection of the external ear

38
Q

What is acute otitis media?

A

Acute otitis media (earache) is an inflammation of the middle ear and is common in children younger than age 15

39
Q

What is the eardrum attached to?

A

The lateral wall of the tympanic cavity shows the eardrum attached to the handle of the malleus, the tensor tympani muscle, which dampens excessive vibration of the malleus, and the pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube

40
Q

What does the pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube permit?

A

air to enter or leave the middle ear cavity and aids in the equalization of the air pressure within the middle ear

41
Q

How can very loud sounds damage the ear?

A

Very loud sounds may damage the ear. In part, the tensor tympani muscle and stapedius muscle (not shown) help to mitigate excessive vibrations of the ear ossicles

42
Q

What is the lateral nasal wall characterised by?

A

3 nasal turbinates (called concha if not covered by mucosa)

43
Q

What is the space beneath each turbinate?

A

the meatus

44
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into?

A

The inferior nasal meatus

45
Q

Where does the frontal sinus and maxillary sinus open into?

A

The middle nasal meatus

46
Q

Where does the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses open on?

A

the ethmoidal bulla, beneath the middle nasal turbinate

47
Q

Where does the posterior ethmoidal sinus open in?

A

the sphenoidal sinus opens in the sphenoethmoidal recess

48
Q

Where is the vascular supply of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity by?

A

The vascular supply of this region is via branches of the sphenopalatine artery (from the maxillary artery)

49
Q

What is the innervation to the nasal cavity lateral wall by?

A

the innervation is from the maxillary nerve or CN V2 (general sensation), CN I (olfaction), and CN VII (secretomotor fibers to the mucous glands via the pterygopalatine ganglion)

50
Q

What is rhinosinutis?

A
  • Rhinosinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, especially the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses, and nasal cavity.
  • This infection usually results from a respiratory virus or secondary bacterial infection.
  • Nasal congestion, facial pain and pressure, discharge, fever, headache, painful maxillary teeth, and halitosis are some of the signs and symptoms.
51
Q

Where does the parotid gland empty?

A

empties into the oral cavity via the parotid duct

52
Q

Where does the submandibular gland empty?

A

empties into the floor of the mouth via the submandibular duct, which lies beneath the oral mucosa in close relationship to the lingual nerve

53
Q

Where does the sublingual salivary gland open?

A

he sublingual salivary gland opens through several small ducts beneath the anterior tongue

54
Q

What is the parotid gland like?

A

The parotid gland is a totally serous gland

55
Q

What is the submandibular salivary gland like?

A

mostly serous and partially mucous

56
Q

What is the sublingual salivary gland like?

A

almost completely mucous

57
Q

Where do minor salivary glands exist?

A

in the mucosa of the hard palate, cheeks, tongue, and lips

58
Q

Where can calculus exist?

A

Sometimes a small calculus (stone) can obstruct a parotid or submandibular salivary gland duct

59
Q

Where can tumour exist?

A
  • both glands may harbor a tumor, necessitating their resection
  • In the case of the parotid gland, great care must be taken by the surgeon to spare the terminal branches of the facial nerve, which passes through the parotid gland after its exit from the stylomastoid foramen

Z N Anatomy (35 decks)

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