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Z N Anatomy > Abdomen 1.4 > Flashcards

Abdomen 1.4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the small intestine include?

A
  1. duodenum (secondarily retroperitoneal)
  2. jejunum (mesenteric)
  3. ileum (mesenteric)
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2
Q

What portion of the mesenteric SI does the jejunum and ileum include?

A

jejunum constitutes the proximal two-fifths and the ileum the distal three-fifths of the mesenteric small intestine

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3
Q

What is the difference between the jejunum and ileum?

A
  1. J larger in diameter
  2. J has longer straight arteries branching from its arterial arcades
  3. J less fat in mesentery
  4. J has prominent circular fold of mucosa (plicae circulares) in its inferior wall
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4
Q

What happens more distally in the small bowel?

A

concentration of aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches) increases

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5
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract but usually involves the small intestine and colon

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6
Q

How does Crohn’s present?

A

with abdominal pain (periumbilical or lower right quadrant), diarrhea, fever, and several other symptoms and is most common between the ages of 15 and 30 years

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7
Q

What does the large intestine include?

A
  1. the cecum (and the appendix)
  2. ascending colon
  3. transverse colon
  4. descending colon
  5. sigmoid colon
  6. rectum
  7. anal canal
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8
Q

What are characteristic features of the colon?

A
  1. Sacs of fat (omental appendices)
  2. longitudinal smooth muscle bands called taenia coli (3 bands exist)
  3. haustra
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9
Q

What is the colon responsible for functionally?

A
  1. dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials for elimination
  2. reabsorption of water and electrolytes
  3. its host defense mechanisms
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10
Q

What types of organs are the transverse and sigmoid colon?

A

intraperitoneal and are tethered by a mesentery

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11
Q

Is colon cancer common?

A

2nd only to lung cancer in sitespecific mortality rates and accounts for almost 15% of cancerrelated deaths in the United States

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12
Q

What is the interior of the kidney divided into at the gross level?

A
  1. outer cortical layer

2. inner medullary layer

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13
Q

What does each medullary pyramid have at its apex?

A

renal papilla

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14
Q

What happens in the renal papilla?

A

collecting ducts of the nephron deliver urine to minor and major calices

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15
Q

What forms the renal pelvis?

A

several major calices coalesce

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16
Q

Where does the renal pelvis exit?

A

at its hilum and forms the ureter

17
Q

What does the ureter do?

A

conveys urine to the urinary bladder

18
Q

What can kidney stones (renal stone, nephrolithaisis) cause?

A
  • form in the kidney and enter the urinary collecting system
  • where they may cause renal colic (loin to groin pain)
  • obstruction of the flow of urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
19
Q

Where are the 3 most common sites of obstruction?

A
  1. ureteropelvic junction at the hilum of the kidney, where the ureter crosses the common iliac vessels
  2. pelvic brim
  3. ureterovesical junction as the ureter passes through the bladder’s detrusor smooth muscle wall
20
Q

Which organs are suspended in the peritoneal cavity by mesenteries?

A
  1. stomach
  2. Small intestine (jejunum and ileum portions)
  3. transverse colon
  4. sigmoid colon
    - other portions of the gastrointestinal tract are secondarily retroperitoneal
21
Q

What is the abdominal cavity and what is in it fluid wise?

A
  1. a potential space
  2. containing only a small amount of serous lubricating fluid
  3. that allows the viscera to glide easily over one another during gastrointestinal peristalsis
22
Q

What is ascites?

A

abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in this potential space

23
Q

When can ascites happen?

A

occur for a variety of reasons

24
Q

What can happen in liver cirrhosis?

A

sinusoidal hypertension (portal hypertension) can contribute up to 10-20 L/day of weeping hepatic lymph that may collect in the peritoneal cavity and greatly distend the abdomen

25
Q

What is in the hepatoduodenal portion of the lesser omentum?

A
  1. portal vein
  2. common bile duct
  3. proper hepatic artery
26
Q

What are some retroperitoneal viscera lying beneath the parietal peritoneum in the posterior abdominal wall?

A

right and left kidneys, suprarenal (adrenal) glands, aorta, and inferior vena cava

27
Q

Why is it important that kidneys and adrenal glands are retroperitoneal organs, which lie posterior to the parietal peritoneum covering the posterior abdominal wall?

A

these organs may be accessed surgically without entering the peritoneal cavity, thus reducing the chance for intraabdominal infection

28
Q

What does intraperitoneal mean?

A

enveloped by visceral peritoneum, which covers the organ both anteriorly and posteriorly

29
Q

What are the intraperitoneal organs?

A

stomach, liver, spleen

30
Q

What are primary retroperitoneal organs?

A

organs developed and remain outside of the parietal peritoneum

31
Q

What are secondary retroperitoneal organs?

A
  1. initially intraperitoneal, suspended by mesentery
  2. course of embryogenesis, they became retroperitoneal as their mesentery fused with the posterior abdominal wall
  3. In adults only their anterior surface is covered with peritoneum
32
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

not associated with visceral peritoneum; they are only covered in parietal peritoneum, and that peritoneum only covers their anterior surface

33
Q

What are examples of secondary retroperitoneal organs?

A

ascending and descending colon

34
Q

What are examples of primary retroperitoneal organs?

A

oesophagus, rectum and kidneys

35
Q

What viscera are retroperiteneal (SAD PUCKER)?

A 
S = Suprarenal (adrenal) Glands
A = Aorta/IVC
D =Duodenum (except the proximal 2cm, the duodenal cap)
P = Pancreas (except the tail)
U = Ureters
C = Colon (ascending and descending parts)
K = Kidneys
E = (O)esophagus
R = Rectum
36
Q

How does the greater omentum wall off sites of inflammation within the periotoneal cavity?

A

by forming adhesions to protect the rest of the viscera

37
Q

What happens to the adhesions?

A
  1. The adhesions develop as the inflamed visceral peritoneum scars and forms connective tissue adhesions with the adjacent peritoneal surfaces
  2. The adhesions may become significant and limit bowel motility, leading to reduced or obstructed flow through a bowel segment

Z N Anatomy (35 decks)

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