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Z N Anatomy > H and N 1.8 > Flashcards

H and N 1.8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the superficial veins of the neck?

A

External jugular vein and its principal tributaries

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2
Q

What does the external jugular veins communicate with?

A

Internal jugular veins which lies deep within the carotid sheath

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3
Q

What are the principal arteries of the neck?

A

Major braces arising from the subclavian artery (thyrocervical and costocervial trunk) and derail beaches arising from the external cartoid artery

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4
Q

What do physicians use the internal jugular vein for?

A
  • Physicians use the internal jugular vein (or external jugular) on the right side to assess the jugular venous pulse, which provides an indication of the venous pressure in the right atrium of the heart
  • If the waveform pattern of the pulse is abnormal, it may indicate some pathology associated with right-sided congestive heart failure, a tricuspid valve problem, or some other abnormality.
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5
Q

How would access to the right chambers of the heart to measure pressures be gained?

A
  1. If a physician needs to gain access to the right chambers of the heart (to measure pressures), a right cardiac catheterization may be performed
  2. The right internal jugular vein or right subclavian vein may be used and the catheter is threaded through the right brachiocephalic vein, into the superior vena cava and then into the right atrium.
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6
Q

What is the subclavian artery divided into?

A
  • 3 parts relative to the anterior scalenus muscle
    1. 1st part is medial to the msucle
    2. 2nd part is behind the muscle.
    3. 3rd part is lateral
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7
Q

What are branches of the subclavian artery?

A
  1. Vertebral artery
  2. Internal thoracic (mammary) artery
  3. Thyrocervical
  4. Costocervical trunks
  5. Dorsal scapular. artery
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8
Q

How does the vertebral artery ascend?

A

Through C6-T1 transverse foramina and enters the foramen magnum

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9
Q

How does the internal thoracic descend?

A

parasternally

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10
Q

What does the thyrocervical trunk supply?

A
  1. the thyroid gland (inferior thyroid artery)
  2. the lower region of the neck (transverse cervical artery)
  3. the dorsal scapular region (suprascapular artery
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11
Q

What does the costocervical trunk supply?

A
  1. Deep neck (deep cervical artery)

2. Several intercostal spaces (supreme intercostal arerty)

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12
Q

Where does the dorsal scapular brach arise?

A

The dorsal scapular branch is inconstant; it may arise from the transverse cervical artery

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13
Q

Where do the branches of the subclavian artery anastomose?

A
  1. The branches of the subclavian artery anastomose with branches of the axillary artery around the shoulder joint, with branches of the thoracic aorta (intercostal branches) along the rib cage, across the midline of the neck and face via branches from both external carotid arteries, and with the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral branches (circle of Willis on the brainstem)
  2. These interconnections are important if the vasculature in 1 region is compromised.
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14
Q

How does the common carotid artery ascends?

A

Ascends in neck in the carotid sheath

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15
Q

When does the common carotid artery divide?

A
  1. At about the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage it divides into the internal carotid artery
    2, which passes into the cranium, and the external carotid artery, which supplies more superficial structures lying outside the skull.
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16
Q

How many branches does the external carotid artery give rise o?

A

8

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17
Q

Where do the 8 branches supply blood to?

A
  1. supply much of the blood to the head outside of the cranium, although several branches also ultimately enter the cranial regions
  2. (meningeal and auricular branches of the maxillary artery, 1 of the terminal branches of the external carotid).
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18
Q

When do the branches of the external carotid arteries anastamose?

A
  • The branches of the external carotid arteries anastomose across the midline neck (superior thyroid arteries) and the face
  • to provide collateral circulation should the arterial blood supply be compromised by occlusion or lacerated in trauma
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19
Q

Why do the small branches of the superficial temporal artery bleed profusely?

A
  • The small branches of the superficial temporal artery supply the scalp, which bleeds profusely when cut
  • because the small arteries are held open (rather than retracted into the subcutaneous tissue) by the tough connective tissue lying just beneath the skin (epidermis and dermis)
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20
Q

What is the maxillary artery?

A

1 of the 2 terminal branches of the external carotid artery

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21
Q

How does the maxillary arerty travel?

A
  1. Passes superficialy or deeply to the lateral pterygoid muscle
  2. Courses medially in the infrsastempora; fossa
    - Descriptively it is divided into 3 parts
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22
Q

What is the first part of the maxillary artery?

A

The 1st (retromandibular) portion of this artery gives rise to branches supplying

  • the tympanic cavity and membrane
  • dura mater
  • mandibular teeth and gums
  • ear
  • chin
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23
Q

What is the second part of the maxillary artery?

A

The 2nd (pterygoid) portion supplies the muscles of mastication and the buccinator

24
Q

What is the third part of the maxillary artery?

A

The 3rd (pterygopalatine) part supplies the

  • maxillary teeth and gums
  • portions of the face
  • orbit
  • palate
  • auditory tube
  • superior pharynx
  • paranasal sinuses
  • nasal cavity.
25
Q

What does a nosebleed involve?

A
  • A nosebleed, or epistaxis, is a common occurrence
    1. often involves the richly vascularized region of the vestibule and the anteroinferior aspect of the nasal septum (Kiesselbach’s area)
    2. Many of these small nasal arteries and arterioles are branches of the maxillary artery and facial artery (lateral nasal and septal branches).
26
Q

Where do the arteries of the oral and pharyngeal region arise?

A

Principally from braches of the external carotid artery

27
Q

What are the 8 beaches of the external carotid arery>

A
  1. the superior thyroid artery
  2. lingual artery
  3. facial artery
  4. ascending pharyngeal artery
  5. occipital artery
  6. posterior auricular artery
  7. maxillary artery,
  8. superficial temporal artery
28
Q

What does the maxillary artery contribute many branches to?

A

The maxillary artery contributes many branches to the

  1. infratemporal region
  2. nasal cavities
  3. muscles of mastication
29
Q

What provides collateral. circulation to the face?

A

Anastomoses among the branches of the facial and maxillary arteries are common and provide some collateral circulation to the face if 1 artery is compromised

30
Q

Where do the veins of the facial, oral, and pharyngeal regions are largely tributaries that ultimately collect in?

A

Internal jugular vein

31
Q

What happens in the infratemporal region?

A
  • a pterygoid plexus of veins communicates with the cavernous sinus and veins of the orbit and oral cavity
  • Many of the veins of this region have the same names as their corresponding arteries
32
Q

Where does the retromandibular veins receive tributaries from?

A
  • the temporal and infratemporal regions (pterygoid plexus)
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • oral cavity
33
Q

What does the internal jugular vein drain?

A
  1. the brain
  2. face
  3. thyroid gland
  4. neck
34
Q

What does the external jugular vein drain?

A
  • the superficial neck
  • lower neck and shoulder
  • upper back (often communicates with the retromandibular vein)
35
Q

Do these veins have valves? What is the result of this?

A
  1. These veins generally do not possess valves and therefore provide avenues for the spread of infection throughout the head and neck region.
    2 The pterygoid plexus of veins has connections with the ophthalmic veins (and to the cavernous sinus via these veins), facial veins, and superficial temporal veins and their small tributaries, which also pass through the skull as emissary veins to drain into the dural venous sinuses.
36
Q

What supplies the brain?

A

Branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries

37
Q

How is the circle of Willis formed?

A
  1. After entering the foramen magnum, the 2 vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery.
  2. The latter continues forward on the anterior aspect of the brainstem, and its branches anastomose with the branches of the internal carotid artery to form the cerebral arterial circle of Willis
38
Q

What does the anterior circulation to the brain include?

A

The anterior circulation to the brain encompasses the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

39
Q

What does the posterior circulation to the brain include?

A

The posterior circulation encompasses the vertebrobasilar system and the posterior cerebral artery

40
Q

What are the arteries of the brain like?

A

Generally, the arteries supplying the brain are end arteries, with insufficient anastomotic connections to compensate for occlusion of an artery

41
Q

What is the most common cause of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

(bleeding into the subarachnoid space) is the rupture of a saccular, or berry, aneurysm of one of the arteries of the cerebral and brainstem circulation

42
Q

When do Berry aneurysms occur?

A

Berry aneurysms commonly occur at artery branch points, with about 85% occurring between the anterior cerebral, internal carotid, and middle cerebral branches

43
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses form?

A

between the periosteal (endosteal) and meningeal layers of the dura mater

44
Q

What are the superficial and deep regions of the brain drained by?

A

The superior sagittal and inferior sagittal venous sinuses

45
Q

Where does most of the venous blood from the brain collect?

A

in these dural venous sinuses and ultimately drains into the internal jugular veins and to a lesser extent into the vertebral veins

46
Q

What can infections gain access to?

A

these dural venous sinuses and spread to other regions of the head

47
Q

Where does much of the blood returning from the cerebral cortical areas pass?

A

from the cortical surface across the subarachnoid space, pierces the arachnoid and meningeal dural layer, and empties into the superior sagittal dural venous sinus

48
Q

What happens with ageing?

A

the brain volume decreases, and sudden motion of this smaller brain in the cranial vault, typically from falls and a bump on the head in elderly individuals, can cause a tearing of the bridging veins

49
Q

What can happen when there is tearing of bridging veins?

A

When this happens, bleeding can occur between the arachnoid and meningeal dural layer, causing a subdural hematoma.

50
Q

What do the meninges include?

A
  • the dura mater (periosteal and meningeal layers)
  • the arachnoid mater
  • the pia mater
51
Q

What is in the subarachnoid space?

A
  • cerebral veins draining the cortex are bathed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • These cerebral veins ultimately drain venous blood into the dural venous sinuses.
52
Q

What are arachnid granulations?

A

are tufts of arachnoid villi that project into the superior sagittal sinus and return circulating CSF to the venous system

53
Q

How much CSF is produced?

A
  • About 500 to 700 mL of CSF is produced daily by the choroid plexus
  • Some CSF also is absorbed by small veins lining the brain and spinal cord
54
Q

How do veins of the scalp communicate?

A

Veins of the scalp communicate with the dural venous sinuses via emissary veins

55
Q

Why are scalp wounds dangerous?

A

Because these veins are valveless, infections from the scalp can gain access to the cranial cavity. Therefore, scalp wounds should be cleansed thoroughly to prevent infection

56
Q

What are diploic veins?

A

Diploic veins (veins in the diploë, or spongy bone, of the skull) also connect to emissary veins and may drain into the dural venous sinuses

Z N Anatomy (35 decks)

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