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Z N Anatomy > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

How are the bones in the neurocranium fused together?

A

-At immovable fibrous joint such as sutures

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2
Q

What are the bones in the neurocranium? 8

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Occipital
  3. Ethmoid
    4, Sphenoid
  4. Pair of temporal bones
  5. Pair of parietal bones
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3
Q

What are the bones in the viscerocranium? 14

A
  1. Paired lacrimal
  2. Paired nasal
  3. Paired palatine
  4. Paired Inferior turbinate
  5. Paired Maxillary
  6. Paired Zygomatic
  7. Unapired vomer
  8. Unpair mandible
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4
Q

What are the associated bones of the skull?

A
  1. Auditory ossicles (3 in each middle ear cavity)
  2. Unpair hyoid bone
    - The skull and associated bones constitute 29 different bones (the 32 adult teeth are part of the mandible and maxilla and are not counted separately).
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5
Q

How are mid face fractures classified?

A

Le fort fractures

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6
Q

What is Le fort I?

A

horizontal fracture detaching the maxilla along the nasal floor

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7
Q

What is Le fort II?

A

pyramidal fracture that includes both maxillae, nasal bones, infraorbital rims, and orbital floors

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8
Q

What is Le fort III?

A

includes the Le Fort II fracture and both zygomatic bones; may cause airway obstruction, nasolacrimal obstruction, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage

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9
Q

Where is the coronal suture?

A

between the frontal bone and the paired parietal bones

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10
Q

Where does the lambed suture lay?

A

between the paired parietal bones and the occipital bone

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11
Q

What is the pterion?

A

the site of union of the frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones

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12
Q

Why is a blow to head at pterion dangerous?

A
  • the bone at this site is thin, and the middle meningeal artery, supplying the dural covering of the brain, lies just deep to this area
  • A blow to the pterion may damage the middle meningeal artery (or one of its branches), which lies just deep to this thin area of bone, causing an epidural (extradural) hematoma (bleeding between the periosteal layer of dura and the overlying bone)
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13
Q

What is the asterion?

A

site of union of temporal, parietal and occipital bones

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14
Q

What is linear skull fracture?

A

Fracture with distinct fracture line

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15
Q

What is a comminuted skull fracture?

A

Fracture with multiple bone fragments *fragments are depressed if driven inwardly and can tear the dura mater

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16
Q

What is a diastlic skull fracture?

A

Fracture along a suture line

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17
Q

What is a basilar skull fracture?

A

Fracture of the base of the skull

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18
Q

How is the nasal septum formed?

A

by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, the palatine bones, and the septal cartilages

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19
Q

What does the petrous portion of the temporal bone contain?

A

Middle and inner ear cavities and vestibular system

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20
Q

What is the result of a blow to the skin that can result in a fracture?

A

A blow to the skull that results in a fracture can tear the underlying periosteal layer of dura mater, which can result in an epidural (extradural) hematoma

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21
Q

Can a devotion of nasal septum be serious?

A
  • A slight deviation of the nasal septum is common
  • However, if the deviation is severe or a result of trauma, it may be corrected surgically so as not to interfere with breathing
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22
Q

What does the lateral wall of the nasal cavity show? What are the two names for these?

A

-Superior and middle conchae (which are called turbinates when covered with mucosa) of the ethmoid bone and the inferior concha

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23
Q

What makes up the hard palate?

A
  • Palantine process of the maxillae

- Horzontal plates of the palatine bones

24
Q

Where does the pituitary gland lie and how can a tumour be approached?

A
  1. The pituitary gland lies in the hypophyseal fossa, a depression seen just superior to the sphenoidal sinus in the sphenoid bone
  2. A tumor of the pituitary gland can be approached surgically through the nasal cavity by passing through the sphenoidal sinus and directly entering the hypophyseal fossa.
25
Q

What could basilar fractures damage?

A
  1. Basilar fractures (fractures of the cranial base) may damage important neurovascular structures passing into or out of the cranium via foramina (openings)
  2. The internal carotid artery may be torn and the cranial nerves may be damaged. The dura mater may also be torn, resulting in leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
26
Q

How is the facial skeleton different at birth?

A
  1. At birth, the facial skeleton is small in comparison with the size of the head, but in the adult the facial skeleton forms about one-third of the cranium, with the greatest growth occurring in the maxillae, mandible, and nasal cavities
27
Q

What goes thorough the foramina of the cribriform plate?

A

Ofactory nerve bundles

28
Q

What goes though the optic canal?

A
  1. Optic nerve

2. Ophthalmic artery

29
Q

What goes through the Superior orbital fissure?

A
  1. Occulomotor nerve
  2. Trochlear nerve
  3. Lacrimal formal and nasocillary branches of ophthalmic nerve
  4. Abducens nerve
  5. Superior ophthalmic vein
30
Q

What goes through the foramen rotundum?

A
  1. Maxillary nerve (2nd division of cranial nerve 5)
31
Q

What goes through foramen ovale?

A
  1. Mandibular nerve (3rd division of cranial nerve 5)
  2. Accessory meningeal artery
  3. Lesser petrosal nerve (occasionally)
32
Q

What goes through the foramen spinosum?

A
  1. Middle meningeal artery and vein

2. Meningeal brach of mandibular nerve

33
Q

What goes through the foramen lacerum?

A
  1. Greater petrosal nerve crosses this space
34
Q

What goes through the carotid canal?

A
  1. Carotid artery; internal cartoid nerve plexus
35
Q

What goes though the internal acoustic meatus?

A
  1. facial nerve
  2. Vestibulocochelar nerve
  3. Labyrinthine artery
36
Q

What goes through the jugular foramen?

A
  1. Inferior petrosal venous sinus
  2. Glossopharyngeal nerve
  3. Vagus nerve
  4. Accessory nerve
    5, Sigmoid venus sinus
  5. Posterior meningeal arerty
37
Q

What goes through the hypoglossal canal?

A
  1. Hypoglossal nerve
38
Q

What goes through the foramen magnum?

A 
1. Medulla oblingata 
2 Meninges
3. Vertebral arteries 
4. Meningeal branches of vertebral arteries 
5. Spinal roots of accessory nerves
39
Q

What does the mandible contain?

A

-Mandibular teeth and mandibular foramen

40
Q

What passes through the mandibular foramen? What does it do?

A
  1. Inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle
  2. Innervates the mandibular teeth and supplies them with blood
  3. The nerve ends as a cutaneous branch that exits the mental foramen (mental nerve)
41
Q

What forms the temporormandibular joint?

A

Condylar process of mandible articulates with the temporal bone

42
Q

How is the mandible fractures?

A
  1. Fractures of the mandible are fairly common
  2. The mandible’s U shape renders it liable to multiple fractures, which occur in over 50% of cases
  3. The most common sites of fracture are the cuspid (canine tooth) area and the area just anterior to the 3rd molar (wisdom tooth) area. 4. When fractured, blood oozing from the mandible may collect in the loose tissues of the floor of the mouth, above the mylohyoid muscle.
43
Q

What do the depressions, or fossae, on the medial side of the mandible mark?

A

he locations of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

44
Q

How is the mouth anaesthetised?

A
  1. The mandible is the strongest and largest of the facial bones, and its landmarks are used for dental anesthesia via intraoral injections. 2. Properly performed, the infiltrating anesthetic anesthetizes the inferior alveolar nerve and lingual nerve ipsilaterally (on the same side as the injection) where they lie in the pterygomandibular space proximal to the mandibular foramen.
  2. This will anesthetize the mandibular teeth (inferior alveolar nerve), the epithelium of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue (lingual nerve), all the lingual mucosa and lingual gingiva (gums) (lingual nerve), all the buccal mucosa and buccal gingiva from the premolars to the midline (mental nerve–terminal branch of the inferior alveolar nerve), and the skin of the lower lip (also via the mental nerve) ipsilaterally.
45
Q

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?

A

Synovial joint between mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone and head of the mandible

46
Q

What are the temporomandibular joint cavities separated by?

A

The joint’s 2 synovial cavities are separated by an articular disc of fibrocartilage

47
Q

What is the movement of the temporomasndibular joint?

A
  1. an upper uniaxial gliding joint, for forward gliding (protrusion)
  2. backward gliding (retraction) movements and some side-to-side motion
  3. The lower joint, below the articular disc, is a uniaxial hinge joint for closing (elevation of) and opening (depression of) the jaw
48
Q

How is the TMJ supported?

A

contains an articular capsule and is reinforced by the lateral and sphenomandibular ligaments

49
Q

Are TMJ problems common?

A
  1. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has both a hinge action and a gliding or sliding action. TMJ problems affect about 25% of the population and can result from trauma, arthritis, infection, clenching or grinding of the teeth (bruxism), or displacement of the articular disc
  2. TMJ problems are more common in women than men.
50
Q

How many deciduous teeth do you have?

A

20

51
Q

How many permentant teeth do you have?

A

32 (16 maxillary and 16 mandibular teeth)
-Permanent teeth in each quadrant of the jaw (mandible and maxilla) include 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars. The 3rd molars are often referred to as the wisdom teeth

52
Q

What are the maxillary teeth innervated by?

A

-Posterior, middle and anterior superior alveolar branches of maxillary nerve (CN V2)

53
Q

What are the mandibular teeth innervated by?

A

-Inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve (CN V3)

54
Q

What is each tooth composed of?

A
  • Enamel covered crown, dentine and pulp
  • The pulp fills a central cavity and is continuous with the root canal
  • Blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics never the pulp through an apical foramen
55
Q

Where is the crown?

A
  • The crown projects above the gum, or gingival surface

- The narrow portion between the crown and root is called the neck

56
Q

Where is the root?

A

-The root is embedded in the alveolar bone of the maxilla or mandible and is covered by cement, which is connected to the alveolar bone by the periodontal ligament.

57
Q

What is dental caries?

A
  1. Dental caries (tooth decay) is caused by oral bacteria that convert food into acids that then form dental plaque (a combination of bacteria, food particles, and saliva)
  2. Foods rich in sugars and starch may increase one’s risk for forming plaque. If not removed by brushing, the plaque can mineralize and form tartar
  3. Acid in the dental plaque can erode the tooth enamel and create a cavity. This may occur even though enamel (an acellular mineralized tissue) is the hardest material in the human body, consisting of 96% to 98% calcium hydroxyapatite.

Z N Anatomy (35 decks)

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