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Z N Anatomy > H and N 1.3 > Flashcards

H and N 1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of the temporalis muscle?

A

arises from the floor of the temporal fossa and the deep surface of the temporal fascia

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2
Q

Where does the temporalis muscle insert?

A

attaches to the tip and medial surface of the coronoid process and anterior border of the ramus of the mandible

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3
Q

What is the action of the temporalis muscle?

A
  1. Temporalis muscle elevates the mandible and closes the jaw
  2. Its posterior fibers retract the mandible (retrusion)
  3. Elevation of the jaw also is assisted by the actions of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles
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4
Q

What is the innervation of the temporals muscle?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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5
Q

What are the muscles of mastication derived from?

A
  1. The temporalis is 1 of the 4 muscles of mastication
  2. It is a broad, radiating muscle whose contractions can be seen during chewing
  3. The muscles of mastication are derived embryologically from the 1st pharyngeal (branchial) arch and are innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3).
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6
Q

What are tension headaches?

A

-Tension headache can be muscular in origin. -Tensing the temporalis muscle, for example (clenching the teeth), can lead to this type of headache

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7
Q

What is the origin of the masseter muscle?

A

arises from the inferior border and medial surface of the zygomatic arch

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8
Q

Where does the masseter muscle attach?

A

attaches to the lateral surface of the mandible and lateral surface of the coronoid process

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9
Q

What is the action of the masseter muscle?

A

Masseter muscle closes the jaw by elevating the mandible

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10
Q

What is the innervation of the massseter muscle?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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11
Q

What are the fibres in the masseter muscle like?

A
  • The masseter muscle is 1 of the 4 muscles of mastication
  • Some of its fibers also may protrude the mandible, and its deep fibers retract the mandible
  • Elevation of the jaw also is assisted by the actions of the temporalis and medial pterygoid muscles
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12
Q

When can trismus be caused?

A
  • The hearty spore of Clostridium tetani is commonly found in soil, dust, and feces and can enter the body through wounds, blisters, burns, skin ulcers, insect bites, and surgical procedures.
  • If the individual is infected and unvaccinated, the toxin from the bacteria can destroy the inhibitory neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord and cause nuchal rigidity, trismus (lockjaw, a spasm of the masseter muscle), dysphagia, laryngospasm, and acute muscle spasms that can lead to death
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13
Q

What is the origin of the Medial pterygoid muscle?

A
  1. arises from 2 slips
  2. Its deep head arises from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and pyramidal process of the palatine bone
  3. Its superficial head arises from the tuberosity of the maxilla.
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14
Q

What is the insertion of the Medial pterygoid muscle?

A

The fibers of the medial pterygoid muscle blend to attach to the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible, inferior to the mandibular foramen

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15
Q

What is the action of the Medial pterygoid muscle?

A
  1. . Medial pterygoid muscle helps close the jaw by elevating the mandible.
  2. With the lateral pterygoids, the 2 medial pterygoids protrude the mandible
  3. When 1 medial and 1 lateral pterygoid on the same side of the head act together, the mandible is protruded forward and to the opposite side
  4. Alternating these movements moves the mandible from side to side in a grinding motion.
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16
Q

What is the innervation of the Medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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17
Q

What does the Medial pterygoid muscle work with?

A
  1. The medial pterygoid is 1 of the 4 muscles of mastication
  2. It acts with the temporalis and masseter muscles to close the jaw
  3. The medial pterygoid and masseter muscles are important in biting, but all 3 muscles are necessary for biting and chewing with the molars
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18
Q

What can the grinding action of the Medial pterygoid muscle cause?

A
  • Sometimes individuals clench their teeth and grind their molars while in deep sleep
  • This grinding action of the pterygoid muscles can erode the teeth, and people suffering from this malady should seek the attention of their health care specialist.
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19
Q

What is the origin of the Lateral pterygoid muscle?

A
  • a short, thick muscle, has 2 heads.
  • The superior head arises from the infratemporal surface and infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.
  • The inferior head arises from the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
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20
Q

What is the insertion of the Lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

The fibers of the lateral pterygoid muscle converge to insert into the pterygoid fovea on the front of the neck of the mandible, articular disc, and capsule of the temporomandibular joint

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21
Q

What is the action of the Lateral pterygoid muscle?

A
  1. Lateral pterygoid muscle assists in opening the mouth by drawing the condyle of the mandible and articular disc of the temporomandibular joint forward
  2. With the medial pterygoid of the same side, the lateral pterygoid protrudes the mandible. 3. The jaw is rotated to the opposite side, producing a grinding movement.
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22
Q

What is the innervation of Lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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23
Q

What is special about this muscle of mastication?

A
  • The other 3 muscles of mastication help close the jaw, whereas the lateral pterygoid opens the jaw.
  • At the beginning of this action, it is assisted by the mylohyoid, digastric, and geniohyoid muscles
24
Q

What is the origin of the Mylohyoid muscle?

A

arises from the mylohyoid line of the mandible

25
Q

What is the insertion of the Mylohyoid muscle?

A

attaches to a median fibrous raphe and the body of the hyoid bone

26
Q

What is the action of the Mylohyoid muscle?

A
  • Mylohyoid muscle elevates the hyoid bone and raises the floor of the mouth during swallowing, pushing the tongue upward as in swallowing or protrusion of the tongue
  • It also depresses the mandible
27
Q

What is the innervation of the Mylohyoid muscle?

A

By the mylohyoid nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal

28
Q

What can the Mylohyoid muscle help with?

A
  • The mylohyoids also can help depress the mandible or open the mouth.
  • They are active in mastication, swallowing, sucking, and blowing
29
Q

What soft tissue injury can affects the muscles in floor of the mouth?

A
  • The mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles form the floor of the mouth
  • Soft tissue injury in this area or fractures of the anterior mandible may result in significant bleeding in this area
  • These muscles are also important in multiple actions associated with the mouth
30
Q

Where does the Geniohyoid muscle arise from?

A

arises from the inferior mental spine (genial tubercle) of the mandible

31
Q

Where does the Geniohyoid muscle insert?

A

Geniohyoid muscle attaches to the body of the hyoid bone

32
Q

What is the action of the Geniohyoid muscle?

A

1 Geniohyoid muscle slightly elevates and draws the hyoid bone forward, shortening the floor of the mouth

  1. This action permits the geniohyoid to act as an antagonist to the stylohyoid muscle
  2. When the hyoid bone remains fixed, the geniohyoid muscle also helps retract and depress the mandible
33
Q

What is the innervation of the Geniohyoid muscle?

A

C1 via the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

34
Q

What are the supra hyoid muscle?

A
  1. The digastric
  2. stylohyoid
  3. mylohyoid
  4. geniohyoid muscles are considered “suprahyoid” muscles because they lie above the hyoid bone
35
Q

Where does the Genioglossus muscle arise from?

A

arises from the superior part of the mental spine of the mandible

36
Q

What is the insertion of the Genioglossus muscle?

A

Genioglossus muscle attaches to the dorsum of the tongue and body of the hyoid bone (inferior fibers of the muscle)

37
Q

What is the action of the Genioglossus muscl?

A
  1. The central fibers of the genioglossus, acting bilaterally, depress the tongue
  2. Acting unilaterally, these central fibers pull the tongue to the opposite side.
  3. Its posterior fibers protrude the tongue, as in sticking the tongue out of the mouth.
38
Q

What is the innervation of the Genioglossus muscle?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

39
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • The genioglossus is 1 of the 3 extrinsic muscles of the tongue
  • These extrinsic muscles move the tongue, whereas the Intrinsic muscles change the tongue’s shape
40
Q

What are glossus muscles?

A

All of the muscles with “glossus” in their names are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve except the palatoglossus muscle, which is a muscle of both the tongue and soft palate and is innervated by the vagus nerve

41
Q

How do you test the hypoglossal nerve?

A

-One can easily test the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) by asking the patient to “stick your tongue out.”
1, If ipsilateral damage to the hypoglossal nerve has occurred, the patient’s tongue will deviate to the side of the lesion, with the tip of the tongue pointing ipsilaterally
2. This occurs because of the strong force of pull by the posterior fibers of the contralateral genioglossus, which is unopposed by the paralyzed ipsilateral fibers
3. This causes the tongue to protrude and then deviate beyond the midline to the unopposed side (side of the nerve lesion)
4. Anesthesiologists pull the mandible forward, thus pulling the genioglossus and tongue forward, to clear the airway and prevent the tongue from shifting posteriorly into the oral pharynx.

42
Q

What is the origin of the Hyoglossus muscle?

A

arises from the body and greater horn of the hyoid bone

43
Q

Where do the Hyoglossus muscle attach?

A

to the lateral and dorsal surface of the tongue

44
Q

What is the action Hyoglossus muscle?

A
  • Hyoglossus muscle depresses, or pulls, the tongue into the floor of the mouth
  • It also retracts the tongue
45
Q

What is the innervation of Hyoglossus muscle?

A
  • One of tongues extrinsic muscles

- Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

46
Q

What bleeding can occur due to soft tissue damage?

A
  1. The lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery in the neck, is the major blood supply to this area and can be located as it passes deep to the hyoglossus muscle
  2. Bleeding due to soft tissue damage in this region will cause swelling as the blood accumulates in the floor of the mouth.
47
Q

Where does the Styloglossus muscle arise from?

A

the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament

48
Q

Where does the Styloglossus muscle attach to?

A

-attaches to the lateral side of the tongue. 0Some fibers interdigitate with fibers of the hyoglossus muscle

49
Q

What is the action of Styloglossus muscle?

A

Styloglossus muscle retracts the tongue and draws it up during swallowing

50
Q

What is the innervation of the Styloglossus muscle?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

51
Q

What are the styloid muscles?

A
  • The styloglossus is 1 of the 3 extrinsic muscles of the tongue
  • Of the 3 styloid muscles, the styloglossus muscle is the smallest
  • All are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve.
    1. Three muscles arise from the styloid process: the styloglossus, the stylohyoid, and the stylopharyngeus muscles.
    2. Each is innervated by a different cranial nerve.
  • The styloglossus is important in swallowing because it pushes the bolus of chewed food up against the hard palate and backward into the oropharynx
52
Q

Where does the Levator veli palatini muscle arise from?

A

arises from the cartilage of the auditory tube and the petrous portion of the temporal bone.

53
Q

Where does the Levator veli palatini muscle insert?

A

attaches to the palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate

54
Q

What is the action of the Levator veli palatini muscle?

A

elevates the soft palate during swallowing and yawning

55
Q

What is the innervation of the Levator veli palatini muscle?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X) via its pharyngeal plexus

56
Q

How do you test the Levator veli palatini muscle?

A
  1. by asking a patient to say “ah.”
  2. By watching the soft palate elevate as this is done, one can look for even, symmetric elevation, indicating that the vagus nerve (CN X) is functioning properly on both sides.
  3. If there is damage to the vagus nerve on one side, the soft palate will deviate contralaterally, that is, to the normally functioning side and away from the abnormally functioning side.
57
Q

How does the Levator veli palatini muscle work in the soft palate?

A
  • After the soft palate has been tensed by the tensor veli muscle (which hooks around the pterygoid hamulus), the levator elevates the palate
  • Note the arrangement of these muscles in the figure (posterior view)
  • On the left side of the image the levator veli palatini muscle has been cut near its origin to allow better visualization of the tensor veli palatini muscle

Z N Anatomy (35 decks)

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