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Z N Anatomy > Pelvis and Perineum 1 > Flashcards

Pelvis and Perineum 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A

plane synovial joint between the sacrum and ilium

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2
Q

What sort of movement does the sacroiliac joint allow?

A

Little movement

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3
Q

What does the sacroiliac joint allow?

A

transmits the weight of the body to the hip bone when a person is standing

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4
Q

How is the sacroiliac joint reinforced?

A

by anterior, posterior, and interosseous sacroiliac ligaments

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5
Q

What type of joint is the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

a cartilaginous joint between the sacrum and coccyx

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6
Q

What sort of movement does the sacrococcygeal joint allow?

A

allows some movement and contains an intervertebral disc between S5 and Co1

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7
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

a cartilaginous (fibrocartilaginous) joint between the 2 pubic bones

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8
Q

What does the sacrospinous ligament do?

A

divides the greater sciatic foramen from the lesser sciatic foramen

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9
Q

How is the female pelvis different to the male pelvis?

A

-wider pubic arch
-larger pelvic outlet
-a wider and larger pelvic cavity
(all adaptations for childbirth)

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10
Q

Where does the levator ani muscle (M) arise from?

A
  1. body of the pubis
  2. the arcus tendineus (actually a thickened portion of the obturator fascia) of the levator ani
  3. the ischial spine
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11
Q

What does the levator ani muscle (M) attach to?

A
  1. the coccyx
  2. anococcygeal raphe
  3. external anal sphincter
  4. walls of the prostate
  5. rectum
  6. anal canal
  7. central tendon of the perineum
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12
Q

What is the action of the levator ani muscle (M)?

A

supports and slightly raises the pelvic floor

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13
Q

What is the innervation of the levator ani muscle (M)?

A

anterior rami of S3 and S4 and perineal branch of the pudendal nerve

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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of the levator ani muscle (M)?

A
  1. the the puborectalis
  2. the pubococcygeus
  3. the iliococcygeus muscles
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15
Q

What does the levator ani with the coccygeus muscle form?

A
  • pelvic diaphragm

- supports and raise the pelvic floor

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16
Q

Where is the greater sciatic foramen?

A

superior to the pelvic diaphragm

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17
Q

What is the function of the sciatic foramen?

A

provides a passageway for structures to leave the pelvic cavity and enter the gluteal region

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18
Q

Where is the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

exists inferior to the pelvic diaphragm

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19
Q

What is the function of the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

provides a passageway for neurovascular structures to pass from the gluteal region to the perineum (importantly, the pudendal neurovascular bundle)

20
Q

What does the levator ani allow?

A

as part of the pelvic diaphragm, provides an important support structure for the pelvic viscera, and especially the female reproductive viscera

21
Q

What else do the levator ani support?

A

maintain the integrity of the uterus and vagina, as well as support the rectum and assist in defecation by straightening the anorectal junction in both sexes

22
Q

What is the origin of the coccygeus (ischiococcygeus) muscle?

A

arises from the spine of the ischium and the sacrospinous ligament

23
Q

What is the insertion of the coccygeus (ischiococcygeus) muscle?

A

attaches to the coccyx and lower portion of the sacrum

24
Q

What is the action of the coccygeus (ischiococcygeus) muscle?

A
  1. With the levator ani, the coccygeus (ischiococcygeus) supports the pelvic floor
  2. also draws the coccyx forward after the coccyx has been pushed back during parturition (in females) or defecation
25
Q

What is the innervation of the coccygeus (ischiococcygeus) muscle?

A

Anterior rami of S4 and S5

26
Q

What area of the levic diaphragm does the coccygeus form?

A

posterior portion

27
Q

What type of muscles are the muscles of the perineum?

A

skeletal muscles

28
Q

What are the muscles of the perineum innervated by?

A

the pudendal nerve and its branches (anterior rami of S2-S4)

29
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

central tendon of the perineum (perineal body) is a mass of fibromuscular tissue found in the midline between the anus and vagina

30
Q

Why is the perineal body important?

A
  • an attachment point for many of the muscles of the perineum
  • important for maintaining the integrity of this region
31
Q

What is an episiotomy?

A

a surgical incision usually made posteriorly (median incision) or posterolaterally in the inferoposterior wall of the vagina to enlarge the vaginal opening during childbirth

32
Q

Why do you carry out an episiotomy?

A
  1. procedure is done only if the normal delivery might result in a tear of the perineum and perineal body would disrupt the integrity of the perineum
  2. easier to suture an episiotomy after delivery than to try to repair a nasty tear of the perineal body
33
Q

What is the anatomy of the compressor urethrae muscle and sphincter urethrovaginalis muscle?

A
  1. urethral sphincter might be more of a “urogenital sphincter,” consisting of a compressor urethrae muscle and a sphincter urethrovaginalis muscle
  2. The sphincter action of these muscles is debatable
34
Q

How is the compressor urethrae muscle and sphincter urethrovaginalis innervated?

A

primarily by the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

35
Q

What is posterior to the bulb of the vestibule

A

the greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland, which secretes mucus during sexual arousal that lubricates the vaginal opening

36
Q

What happens to the urogenital sphincter complex during childbirth?

A
  • stretched

- weakening its actions both as a sphincter and as a complex of supporting structures of the lower perineum

37
Q

Why are UTIs common in women?

A
  1. shorter urethra

2. the proximity to pathogens that may be present in the vestibule (the region defined by the labia minora)

38
Q

What is the origin of the sphincter urethrae muscle?

A

rises from the inferior pubic ramus

39
Q

What does the sphincter urethrae muscle attach to?

A

to a median raphe and the perineal body

40
Q

What is the action of the sphincter urethrae muscle?

A

The muscles on both sides act together to constrict the urethra

41
Q

What is the innervation of the sphincter urethrae muscle?

A

Perineal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

42
Q

In women what happens to the sphincter urthrae muscle?

A

blends with the compressor urethrae muscle and the urethrovaginal sphincter muscles

43
Q

Which sphincter is only found in men?

A
  • women do not possess an internal urethral sphincter
  • (smooth muscle sphincter at the neck of the urinary bladder)
  • which is a sphincter muscle found only in men
44
Q

What can stretching during childbirth weaken?

A
  1. integrity of the urogenital sphincter (sphincter urethrae and compressor urethrae muscles)
  2. the support structures of the reproductive viscera (pelvic diaphragm, pubovesical and cervical ligament)
45
Q

What is stress incontinence?

A

involuntary loss of urine after an increase in intraabdominal pressure

Z N Anatomy (35 decks)

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