Upper Limb Flashcards
List the sub-regions of the upper limb.
1 - Shoulder.
2 - Arm.
3 - Forearm.
4 - Wrist.
5 - Hand.
List the joints of the upper limb.
1 - Sternoclavicular joint.
2 - Glenohumeral joint.
3 - Elbow joint.
4 - Wrist joints.
5 - Joints of the hand.
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
A plane style synovial joint.
Which bones are articulated in the pectoral girdle?
The clavicle and scapula.
List the joints in the pectoral girdle.
1 - Sternoclavicular joint.
2 - Scapulothoracic joint.
3 - Acromioclavicular joint.
4 - Glenohumeral joint.
What is the acromion and where is it?
A bony projection on the superior end of the scapula.
Describe the shapes of both ends of the clavicle.
- The acromial end is flattened.
- The sternal end is triangular.
In which rib levels does the scapula lie?
Between levels of the 2nd and 7th ribs.
In which cavity does the scapula articulate with the humerus?
The glenoid fossa.
Where does the clavicle extend from / to?
Extends from the manubrium of the sternum to the acromion of the scapula.
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
A ball and socket style synovial joint.
What is the glenoid labrum and what is its function?
- A fibrocartilaginous rim evolved to deepen the glenoid fossa.
- It helps articulation with the disproportionately large head of the humerus.
The tendon of which muscle blends with the glenoid labrum?
The long head of biceps brachii.
List the types of synovial joint.
1 - Plane.
2 - Hinge.
3 - Ball and socket.
4 - Saddle.
5 - Pivot.
6 - Condyloid / ellipsoid.
List 5 anatomical features of synovial joints.
1 - A synovial cavity (space between the bones of the joint).
2 - Articular surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage.
3 - Presence of an articular capsule made of a fibrous capsule and a synovial membrane.
4 - Presence of synovial fluid to form a thin film over articular surfaces,
5 - Presence of extra-capsular ligaments.
How do the ligaments of the shoulder joint differ from most other ligaments?
In the shoulder joint, they are thickenings of the fibrous capsule of the joint.
List the ligaments of the shoulder joint.
1 - Glenohumeral ligament.
2 - Coracohumeral ligament.
3 - Transverse humeral ligament.
4 - Coracoacromial ligament.
Where does the stability of the shoulder joint come from?
Mainly from the rotator cuff muscles, which hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.
List the rotator cuff muscles.
1 - Supraspinatus.
2 - Infraspinatus.
3 - Teres minor.
4 - Subscapularis.
What are the sources of the articular arteries supplying the shoulder joint?
Branches of the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries.
From which arteries do the articular arteries supplying the shoulder joint arise?
From which artery do these arteries arise?
- The axillary and subscapular arteries.
- These arteries arise from the subclavian artery.
What are bursae?
- Synovial filled sacs lined by synovial membrane.
- It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint.
What are the major bursae of the shoulder joint?
The subacromial and subscapular bursae.
Describe the nerve supply to the shoulder joint.
Articular nerves are branches of the:
- Suprascapular nerve.
- Axillary nerve.
and
- Lateral pectoral nerve,
What actions are brought about by the pectoralis muscles?
1 - Arm flexion.
2 - Arm adduction.
Where does pectoralis minor lie in relation to pectoralis major?
Pectoralis minor is deep to pectoralis major.
What are the two anatomical spaces of the upper limb?
- The axilla.
- The cubital fossa.
Which structures form the anterior border of the axilla?
Pectoralis major and minor.
Which structures form the medial border of the axilla?
- Serratus anterior.
- The thoracic wall.
Which structures form the posterior border of the axilla?
- Subscapularis.
- Teres major.
- Latissimus dorsi.
Which structures form the lateral border of the axilla?
The intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.
Which bones converge at the apex of the scapula?
1 - Clavicle.
2 - Scapula.
3 - First rib.
What is contained within the axilla?
1 - The axillary sheath.
2 - Axillary lymph nodes.
What is the axillary sheath?
A fibrous sheath containing:
1 - Brachial plexus.
2 - Axillary artery.
3 - Axillary vein.
What occupies the interval between pectoralis minor and subclavius?
Clavipectoral fascia.
Where is the cubital / antecubital fossa?
On the anterior aspect of the interface between the arm and forearm.
What forms the superficial boundary / roof of the cubital fossa?
- Deep fascia.
- The bicipital aponeurosis.
What forms the deep boundary / floor of the cubital fossa?
- Brachialis.
- Supinator.
What forms the superior boundary of the cubital fossa?
An imaginary line connecting the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus.
What forms the medial boundary of the cubital fossa?
The pronator teres muscle.
What forms the lateral boundary of the cubital fossa?
The brachioradialis muscle.
List 3 points of clinical importance relating to the cubital fossa.
1 - During blood pressure measurements, the stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery in the cubital fossa.
2 - The cubital fossa is an area used to palpate for the brachial pulse.
3 - The cubital fossa is used for venous access.
Which muscles are involved in abduction of the shoulder?
How are they involved in abduction?
- Supraspinatus up to 15 degrees.
- Deltoid from 15 degrees to 90 degrees.
- Trapezius and serratus anterior rotate the scapula such that the glenoid fossa faces upwards, making the humerus available for movements of up to 180 degrees.
What is the coracoacromial arch?
A protective arch formed by the inferior aspect of the acromion and the coracoid process of the scapula with the coracoacromial ligament spanning between them.
