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RA 1 > The Pelvic Girdle, Femoral Triangle, Lumbar Plexus & Sacral Plexus > Flashcards

The Pelvic Girdle, Femoral Triangle, Lumbar Plexus & Sacral Plexus Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

A ball and socket synovial joint.

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2
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

A hinge synovial joint.

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3
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

A mortise and tenon synovial joint.

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4
Q

List the bones that form the pelvis.

A

1 - Left innominate bone.

2 - Right innominate bone.

3 - Sacrum.

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5
Q

List the joints of the pelvis.

What types of joints are these?

A

1 - 2 x Sacroiliac joints (fibrous).

2 - 1 x pubic symphysis (a symphysis is a secondary cartilaginous joint).

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6
Q

What is the function of relaxin?

A

Relaxin loosens joints of the pelvis in preparation for childbirth.

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7
Q

List the two cavities into which the pelvis can be divided.

A

1 - The greater / false pelvis.

2 - The lesser / true pelvis.

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8
Q

What defines the boundary between the cavities of the pelvis?

A

The arcuate line (or pelvic brim).

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9
Q

List the muscles contained within the greater pelvis.

A

1 - Iliacus.

2 - Psoas major.

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10
Q

Why are the two cavities of the pelvis named true / false?

A

Because the false pelvis is part of the abdomen (not the pelvis).

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11
Q

Which artery supplies the contents of the lesser pelvis?

A

The internal iliac artery.

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12
Q

What comprises most of the contents of the lesser pelvis?

A

The urogenital apparatus.

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13
Q

What can be used to determine the lateral side of the innominate bone of the hip?

A

The acetabulum.

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14
Q

What can be used to determine the posterior side of the innominate bone of the hip?

A

The ischial tuberosity.

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15
Q

What is the tri-radiate cartilage?

A

The cartilage that unites the constituent bones of the innominate bone of the hip until they are fully fused.

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16
Q

List the bones that constitute the innominate bone of the hip.

A

1 - Ilium.

2 - Ischium.

3 - Pubis.

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17
Q

When does the tri-radiate cartilage disappear?

What is the significance of this?

A
  • When the constituent bones of the innominate bone of the hip fuse at around 15-25 years of age.
  • Can be used in forensic investigations to determine the a person’s age.
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18
Q

List 2 palpable bony landmarks of the ilium.

A

1 - Anterior superior iliac spine.

2 - Iliac crest.

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19
Q

Give an example of a palpable bony landmark of the ischium.

A

The ischial tuberosity.

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20
Q

Give and example of a palpable bony landmark of the pubis.

A

The pubic tubercle.

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21
Q

What is the significance of the palpable bony landmark of the anterior superior iliac spine?

A

It is the proximal attachment of the inguinal ligament.

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22
Q

What is the significance of the palpable bony landmark of the iliac crest?

A

1 - It is indicative of the L3/4 intervertebral disc.

2 - It is the point of termination of the descending aorta.

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23
Q

What is the significance of the palpable bony landmark of the ischial tuberosity?

A

It is the common site of origin of the hamstring muscles.

24
Q

What is the significance of the palpable bony landmark of the pubic tubercle?

A

1 - It is the distal attachment of the inguinal ligament.

2 - It is used for determining the position of the pubic symphysis (just medial to the tubercle).

25
Q

List the intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint.

A

Intracapsular:

1 - The ligament of head of femur.

Extracapsular:

1 - Iliofemoral ligament.

2 - Pubofemoral ligament.

3 - Ischiofemoral ligament.

26
Q

how do intracapsular fractures differ from extracapsular fractures?

A
  • If the fracture involves the femoral head or neck, it is intracapsular.
  • If the fracture involves the features of the trochanter, it is extracapsular.
27
Q

List the muscles of the gluteal region.

A

1 - Gluteus minimus.

2 - Gluteus medius.

3 - Gluteus maximus.

4 - Piriformis.

5 - Gemellus superior.

6 - Gemellus inferior.

7 - Quadratus femoris.

8 - Obturator internus.

28
Q

List the nerves involved in the innervation of the gluteal region.

A

1 & 2 - Superior and inferior gluteal nerves.

3 - Sciatic nerve.

4 - Pudendal nerve.

29
Q

List the hip flexor muscles.

A

1 - Iliacus.

2 - Psoas major.

3 - Rectus femoris.

4 - Sartorius.

5 - Pectineus.

30
Q

List the hip extensor muscles.

A

1 - Gluteus maximus.

Hamstrings:

2 - Semimembranosus.

2 - Semitendinosus.

3 - Long head of biceps femoris.

31
Q

Which artery is the main source of arterial supply to the lower limb?

A

The femoral artery.

32
Q

Of which artery is the femoral artery a continuation?

From which artery does this artery originate?

A
  • The external iliac artery.

- This originates from the common iliac artery.

33
Q

List the major branches given by the femoral artery.

A

1 - Profunda femoris.

2 - Superficial femoral artery.

34
Q

List 3 important branches of the profunda femoris.

A

1 - Medial circumflex branch.

2 - Lateral circumflex branch.

3 - Perforating branches (4).

35
Q

Why is the medial circumflex branch of the profunda femoris artery important clinically?

A

Because it supplies most of the blood to the head and neck of the femur.

36
Q

List 3 branches of the superficial femoral artery.

A

1 - Superficial circumflex iliac artery.

2 - Superficial inferior epigastric artery.

3 - Superficial external pudendal artery.

37
Q

Of which artery is the popliteal artery a continuation?

A

The femoral artery.

38
Q

Into which arteries does the popliteal artery divide?

A

The anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

39
Q

Of which artery is the dorsalis pedis artery a continuation?

A

The anterior tibial artery.

40
Q

Into which arteries does the dorsalis pedis divide?

A

1 - The first dorsal metatarsal artery.

2 - The deep plantar artery.

41
Q

Into which arteries does the posterior tibial artery divide?

A

The medial and lateral plantar arteries.

42
Q

Which arteries are the main source of arterial supply to the foot?

A

The medial and lateral plantar arteries.

43
Q

How do the number of valves differ between deep and superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

The deep veins have more valves than superficial veins.

44
Q

Which vein is responsible for most veinous drainage of the lower limb?

A

The great saphenous vein.

45
Q

Which vein drains the medial part of the foot?

A

The great saphenous vein.

46
Q

Which vein drains the lateral part of the foot?

A

The small saphenous vein.

47
Q

From which two plexuses is the nerve supply to the lower limb derived?

A

1 - Lumbar plexus.

2 - Sacral plexus.

48
Q

What are the spinal nerve roots of the nerve supply to the lower limb?

A

L1-S4.

49
Q

What are the spinal nerve roots of the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-Half of L4.

50
Q

What are the spinal nerve roots of the sacral plexus?

A

Half of L4 - S4.

51
Q

Which dermatomal areas are supplied by the lumbar plexus?

A

Most of the front of the lower limb.

52
Q

List the dermatomal areas that are supplied by the sacral plexus.

A

1 - Most of the back of the lower limb.

2 - The saddle area.

3 - The perineal area.

53
Q

What is an axial line?

A

The line of junction of two dermatomes supplied from discontinuous spinal levels.

54
Q

What marks out the pre-axial and post-axial territories of the lower limb?

A

The great and small saphenous veins.

55
Q

What is the difference between a sensory nerve territory and a dermatome?

A
  • A dermatome is the area of skin supplied by a particular spinal nerve.
  • A sensory nerve territory is the area of skin supplied by a particular cutaneous nerve (may be more or less specific than a dermatome).
56
Q

When would a sensory nerve territory be more specific than a dermatome?

A

When one spinal nerve is the source of multiple cutaneous nerves.

57
Q

When would a sensory nerve territory be less specific than a dermatome?

A

When multiple spinal nerves are the source of one / fewer cutaneous nerves.

RA 1 (20 decks)

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