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RA 1 > Fascial Compartments & Venous Drainage > Flashcards

Fascial Compartments & Venous Drainage Flashcards

1
Q

What is necrotizing fasciitis?

A

A lethal bacterial infection that destroys fascia.

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2
Q

How many spaces are there in the head and neck region?

A

16.

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3
Q

List the subtypes of spaces in the head and neck region.

A
  • Fasical spaces of the face (5).
  • Suprahyoid fascial spaces (5).
  • Infrahyoid fascial spaces (1).
  • Fascial spaces of the neck (5).
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4
Q

List 2 functions of fascial compartmentalisation.

A

1 - Ease of movement.

2 - Determine spread of infection.

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5
Q

List the tissue layers of the neck from superficial to deep.

A

1 - Skin.

2 - Subcutaneous fat.

3 - Superficial fascia.

4 - Platysma muscle.

5 - Deep cervical fascia.

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6
Q

List the types of deep cervical fascia in the neck.

A

1 - Investing fascia.

2 - Pretracheal fascia.

3 - Prevertebral fascia.

4 - Carotid sheaths and alar fascia.

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7
Q

Which layers of fascia condense to form carotid sheath?

A

The prevertebral, pretracheal and investing fascia.

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8
Q

List the structures that the investing layer of deep fascia encloses in the neck.

A

1 - Trapezius.

2 - Sternocleidomastoid.

3 - Submandibular gland.

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9
Q

Where is the pretracheal layer of deep fascia?

A

From the hyoid bone into the thorax, where it blends with the pericardium.

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10
Q

List the structures that the pretracheal layer of deep fascia encloses in the neck.

A

1 - Infrahyoid muscles.

2 - Trachea.

3 - Oesophagus.

4 - Thyroid.

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11
Q

Where is the prevertebral layer of deep fascia?

A

It attaches superiorly to the cranial base and inferiorly to the endothoracic fascia.

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12
Q

What is the axillary sheath?

A

A fibrous sheath that encloses the axillary artery and the three cords of the brachial plexus to form the neurovascular bundle.

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13
Q

What is the retropharyngeal space and where is it?

A

It is a potential space between the prevertebral fascia and the pretracheal fascia.

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14
Q

Where is the alar fascia?

A
  • Part of the prevertebral fascia.

- Originates from the first cervical vertebra and reaches the second cervical vertebra.

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15
Q

Which structure separates the retropharyngeal space?

What are the subsequent divisions of the retropharyngeal space?

A
  • Alar fascia.

- The space is divided into an anterior / true retropharyngeal space and a posterior / danger retropharyngeal space.

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16
Q

What might create potential spaces in the head?

A
  • Pus from infections.

- Blood from perforated vessels.

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17
Q

Where is the retropharyngeal space?

A
  • Anterior to the prevertebral muscles and prevertebral fascia.
  • Posterior to the pharynx, oesophagus and buccopharyngeal fascia.
  • Bounded laterally by carotid sheath.
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18
Q

Where is the parapharyngeal space?

A
  • Anterior to the prevertebral layer of deep fascia.
  • Posterior to the investing layer of deep fascia covering the pterygoid muscle.
  • Bounded laterally by the investing layer of deep fascia covering the parotid gland.
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19
Q

List the tissue layers of the thigh from superficial to deep.

A

1 - Skin.

2 - Superficial fascia.

3 - Deep fascia.

4 - Medial intermuscular septum.

5 - Lateral intermuscular septum.

6 - Posterior intermuscular septum.

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20
Q

List the compartments of the thigh.

A
  • Anterior compartment.
  • Medial compartment.
  • Posterior compartment.
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21
Q

Which artery is the source of the common blood supply to all compartments of the thigh?

A

Profunda femoris.

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22
Q

List the functions of the muscles of the thigh by compartment.

A
  • Anterior: Knee extensors and hip flexors.
  • Posterior: Knee flexors and hip extensors.

Medial: Hip adductors.

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23
Q

List the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh.

A
  • Quadriceps:

1 - Rectus femoris.

2 - Vastus medialis.

3 - Vastus lateralis.

4 - Vastus intermedius.

24
Q

List the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh.

A
  • Hamstrings:

1 - Semimembranosus.

2 - Semitendinosus.

3 - Biceps femoris.

25
Q

List the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh.

A
  • Hip adductors:

1 - Gracilis.

2 - Obturator externus.

3 - Adductor brevis.

4 - Adductor longus.

5 - Adductor magnus.

26
Q

List the compartments of the leg.

A
  • Anterior compartment.
  • Lateral compartment.
  • Posterior compartment.
27
Q

Describe the innervation of the anterior compartment of the thigh.

A
  • Supplied by the femoral nerve.

- Roots L2-4.

28
Q

Describe the innervation of the medial compartment of the thigh.

A
  • Supplied by the obturator nerve.

- Roots L2-4.

29
Q

Describe the innervation of the posterior compartment of the thigh.

A
  • Supplied by the sciatic nerve.

- Roots L4-S3.

30
Q

Describe the blood supply to the anterior compartment of the thigh.

A

Supplied by the femoral artery.

31
Q

Describe the blood supply to the medial compartment of the thigh.

A

Supplied by the obturator artery.

32
Q

Describe the blood supply to the posterior compartment of the thigh.

A

Supplied by perforating branches of profunda femoris.

33
Q

Which structures separate the leg into its compartments?

A
  • Fascia.

- The interosseus membrane between the tibia and fibula.

34
Q

What are the muscle groups contained within the posterior compartment of the leg?

What do these groups form?

A
  • Superficial and deep groups.

- Both groups form the calf muscles.

35
Q

List the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg.

A
  • Triceps surae:

1 - Gastrocnemius.

2 - Soleus.

3 - Plantaris.

36
Q

What is the common tendon of insertion of the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

Where does this tendon insert?

A
  • The tendo calcaneous / achilles tendon.

- This tendon inserts into the calcaneus of the foot.

37
Q

What is the function of the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Plantarflexion.

38
Q

List the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg.

A

1 - Popliteus.

2 - Flexor halucis longus.

3 - Tibialis posterior.

4 - Flexor digitorum longus.

39
Q

Which of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg act on the knee joint?

Which joint do the other muscles act on?

A
  • Popliteus acts on the knee joint.

- The other 3 act on the ankle and foot joints.

40
Q

List the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg.

A

1 - Fibularis longus.

2 - Fibularis brevis.

41
Q

List the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg.

A

1 - Tibialis anterior.

2 - Extensor digitorum longus.

3 - Extensor hallucis longus.

4 - Fibularis tertius.

42
Q

What is the function of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Eversion of the foot.

43
Q

What is the function of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexion of the foot.

44
Q

List the structures of the venous tree from start to finish.

A

1 - Post-capillary venules.

  • Small veins.
  • Large veins.
  • Vena cava entering the right atrium.
45
Q

Why does venous blood tend to pool in the lower extremities?

A

Gravitational pull. This is facilitated by the low pressure of the system.

46
Q

How do veins benefit from thin walls?

A

The thin walls allow the veins to easily collapse, passively pumping blood.

47
Q

List 3 types of veins.

A

1 - Superficial veins.

2 - Perforating veins (connect superficial veins to deep veins).

3 - Deep veins.

4 - Accompanying veins:

  • Vaso vasorum (supply the walls of large veins).
  • Venae commitante (supply the walls of large arteries.
48
Q

What is the musculovenous pump?

A

The contraction of muscles and the subsequent pressure applied to the veins embedded in them that aids the flow of venous blood to the heart.

49
Q

Which direction does venous blood flow through perforating veins?

A

From superficial veins to deep veins.

50
Q

When does compartment syndrome occur?

A

When perfusion pressure falls below tissue pressure (i.e. when compartment pressure is too high).

51
Q

List 2 causes of compartment syndrome.

A

1 - Decreased compartment size.

2 - Increased fluid content.

52
Q

List 5 causes of increased fluid content in an anatomical compartment.

A

1 - Burns.

2 - Intra-arterial injection.

3 - Infiltrated infusion.

4 - Haemorrhages.

5 - Venom.

53
Q

Why does compartment syndrome follow the path of ischaemic injury?

A
  • The increased intracompartmental pressure decreases tissue perfusion until no oxygen is available for cellular metabolism.
  • Hence compartment syndrome follows the path of ischaemic injury.
54
Q

What is the carotid sheath?

A

The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the vascular compartment of the neck.

55
Q

In which compartment of the thigh is the pectineus muscle?

A

It can be classified in the medial compartment of thigh (when the function is emphasized) or the anterior compartment of thigh (when the nerve is emphasized).

RA 1 (20 decks)

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