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RA 1 > Muscles of the Trunk and Pelvic Floor > Flashcards

Muscles of the Trunk and Pelvic Floor Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 main cavities of the body.

A

1 - Cranial cavity.

2 - Spinal cavity.

3 - Thoracic cavity.

4 - Abdominal cavity.

5 - Pelvic cavity.

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2
Q

What are the superior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

1 - Costal margins.

2 - The abdominal surface of the diaphragm.

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3
Q

What are the anterolateral boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

The anterolateral muscles of the abdomen.

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4
Q

What are the posterior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

1 - The vertebral column.

2 - The erector spinae muscles.

3 - Quadratus lumborum.

4 - Iliopsoas.

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5
Q

What are the inferior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

1 - The inguinal ligament.

2 - The arcuate line.

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6
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

A horizontal line that demarcates the lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath.

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7
Q

List the 12 layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall in order from superficial to deep.

A

1 - Skin.

2 - Subcutaneous fat.

3 - Camper’s fascia (superficial fascia).

4 - Scarpa’s fascia (superficial fascia).

5 - External oblique.

6 - Intermediate investing fascia.

7 - Internal oblique.

8 - Deep investing fascia.

9 - Transversus abdominis.

10 - Transversalis fascia.

11 - Extraperitoneal fat.

12 - Parietal peritoneum.

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8
Q

What happens to the 3 muscle layers of the abdominal wall at the midline?

A

They fuse to form the rectus abdominis muscle.

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9
Q

With which muscle do the upper four slips of the external oblique muscle interdigitate?

A

The (costal fibres of) latissimus dorsi.

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10
Q

How many digitations of the external oblique muscle are there?

A

8.

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11
Q

With which muscle do the lower four slips of the external oblique muscle interdigitate?

A

Serratus anterior.

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12
Q

Where does the internal oblique lie in relation to the external oblique and transversus abdominis muscles?

A

It lies deep to the external oblique and superficial to the transversus abdominis.

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13
Q

In which direction do the fibres of the internal oblique muscle travel in relation to the fibres of the external oblique muscle?

A

Perpendicular.

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14
Q

Where does the internal oblique muscle originate?

A
  • From the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back.
  • From the anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest (upper part of the hip bone).
  • From the lateral half of the inguinal ligament.
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15
Q

Where is the inguinal ligament?

A

From the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine.

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16
Q

Where is the linea alba?

A

It runs down the midline of the abdomen from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis.

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17
Q

Where does the internal oblique muscle insert?

A
  • On the inferior borders of ribs 10-12.

- At the linea alba.

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18
Q

What is different about the internal oblique muscle in males as compared to females?

A
  • The cremaster muscle is attached to the internal oblique muscle in males only.
  • Useful when you want to raise your testicles.
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19
Q

Where does the external oblique originate and insert?

A

Origins: Along ribs 5-12.

Insertions: Into the linea alba, the pubis and the iliac crest.

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20
Q

Where does the transversus abdominis originate and insert?

A

Origins: Along ribs 7-12, the thoracolumbar fascia and the iliac crest.

Insertions: The linea alba.

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21
Q

What is the rectus sheath formed by and what does it contain?

A
  • It is formed by the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis muscles.
  • The aponeurotic compartment containing the rectus abdominis muscle and the pyramidalis muscle.
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22
Q

Where does the rectus abdominis originate and insert?

A

Origins: Pubic symphysis, pubic crest and pubic tubercle.

Insertions: Xiphoid process and ribs 5-7.

23
Q

What are tendinous intersections?

A

Bands of connective tissue that traverse the rectus abdominis, separating it into its distinct muscle bellies.

24
Q

What is the linea semilunaris?

A

The outer, most lateral line of the abs.

25
Q

What layers exist above the rectus sheath?

A

1 - Camper’s fascia (anterior part of the superficial fascia).

2 - Scarpa’s fascia. (posterior part of the superficial fascia).

26
Q

Above the costal margin, what is the anterior sheath composed of?

A

The aponeurosis of the external oblique only.

27
Q

Describe the arrangement of the aponeuroses of the muscles of the abdominal wall below the umbilicus.

A
  • All of the aponeuroses run in front of the rectus abdominis.
  • The combination of all 3 aponeuroses forms the rectus sheath.
28
Q

Describe the arrangement of the aponeuroses of the muscles of the abdominal wall at the level of the umbilicus.

A
  • The rectus abdominis is surrounded both anteriorly and posteriorly by aponeuroses.
  • The anterior sheath is formed by the aponeuroses of the external and internal oblique muscles.
  • The posterior sheath is formed by the aponeuroses of the internal oblique muscle and the transverse abdominis muscle.
29
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

An oblique passage through the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall.

30
Q

Where is the inguinal canal?

A
  • It lies parallel to and immediately above the inguinal ligament.
  • It extends from the deep inguinal ring downward and medially to the superficial inguinal ring.
31
Q

What passes through the inguinal ligament?

A
  • In males, the spermatic cord.
  • In females, the round ligament of the uterus (from the uterus to the labia).
  • The ilioinguinal nerve in both sexes.
32
Q

How does the inguinal canal differ between men and women?

A

Inguinal canals are larger in men.

33
Q

How does the inguinal canal differ between newborn children and adults?

A
  • In the newborn child, the deep ring lies almost directly posterior to the superficial ring.
  • The deep ring must therefore move superiorly and laterally.
34
Q

List the boundaries of the inguinal canal.

A
  • Anterior wall: The aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.
  • Posterior wall: Transversalis fascia.
  • Floor: The inguinal ligament.
  • Roof: The internal oblique muscle and the transversus abdominis muscle.
  • Medially: The conjoint tendon (supports the posterior wall).
35
Q

What is the transversalis fascia and where is it?

A
  • A thin aponeurotic membrane.

- Lies between the inner surface of the transversus abdominis and the parietal peritoneum.

36
Q

Which of the inguinal rings are palpable?

A

The superficial inguinal ring only.

37
Q

Give an example of a condition in which the superficial inguinal ring becomes dilated.

A

Athletic pubalgia.

38
Q

What is the difference between a direct and indirect inguinal hernia?

A
  • A direct inguinal hernia is a hernia in which the abdominal contents protrude through a defect in the posterior wall and emerge through the superficial ring.
  • An indirect inguinal hernia is a hernia in which the abdominal contents protrude through the deep ring, through the canal and through the superficial ring.
39
Q

What forms the deep inguinal ring?

A

It is an opening of the transversalis fascia.

40
Q

What forms the superficial inguinal ring?

A

It is an opening of the external oblique muscle.

41
Q

What is the perineum?

A
  • The area between the anus and the scrotum or vulva.

- In terms of bony landmarks, it is between the ischial tuberosities and the pubic symphysis.

42
Q

What is the pelvic diaphragm and where is it?

A
  • A sheet of muscle covered on both surfaces by fascia.
  • It closes the pelvic cavity inferiorly and assists in the support of the abdominopelvic viscera.
  • It is stretched like a hammock between the pubis in front and the coccyx behind.
  • It is attached along the lateral pelvic wall to a thickened band of the obturator fascia.
43
Q

Which muscles compose the pelvic diaphragm?

A
  • 2 levator ani muscles (anterior).

- 2 coccyegus muscles (posterior).

44
Q

Which fasciae exist in the pelvic diaphragm?

A

The superior and inferior layers of pelvic fascia.

45
Q

What is the perineal body?

What are its functions?

A
  • A thickened mass of connective tissue in the centre of the inferior pelvic aperture.
  • It makes the muscles of the pelvic floor sag.
  • It also anchors the perineal membrane to the perineum at the midline.
  • It is a site of muscle atachment.
46
Q

Where are the urogenital and anal triangles?

A
  • The inferior pelvic aperture is diamond shaped, owing to the bones of the pelvis.
  • If an imaginary horizontal line is drawn such that it bisects the perineal body, the diamond is split into two triangles.
  • The anterior triangle is the urogenital triangle.
  • The posterior triangle is the anal triangle.
47
Q

List 3 functions of the perineal membrane.

A

1 - Attaches perineum to the external layer of fascia above.

2 - Defines the openings of the urethra and vagina.

3 - Anchors the external genitalia to the pelvic floor.

48
Q

List 4 muscles that attach to the perineal body.

A

1 - The urethral sphincters.

2 - The superficial transverse perineal muscle.

3 - The deep transverse perineal muscle.

4 - The bulbospongiosus muscle.

49
Q

List the layers of tissue of the pelvic floor in order from superficial to deep.

A

1 - Perineum.

2 - Perineal membrane.

3 - Inferior layer of fascia.

4 - Levator ani and coccygeus muscles.

5 - Superior layer of fascia.

50
Q

What is the difference between the pelvic diaphragm and the pelvic floor?

A
  • The pelvic diaphragm includes the levator ani and coccygeus muscles, along with the surrounding layers of fascia.
  • The pelvic floor includes the pelvic diaphragm, but also includes the perineal membrane and perineum.
51
Q

What is the deep perineal pouch / space?

A

The region between the perineal membrane and inferior layer of fascia of the pelvic diaphragm.

52
Q

What is a perineotomy / episiotomy?

A

A surgical cut to the perineum to aid childbirth.

53
Q

List the erector spinae muscles.

A

1 - Iliocostalis.

2 - Longissimus.

3 - Spinalis.

RA 1 (20 decks)

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