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RA 1 > Major Joints of the Lower Limb (Excluding the Ankle Joint) > Flashcards

Major Joints of the Lower Limb (Excluding the Ankle Joint) Flashcards

1
Q

List the types of joints.

A

1 - Fibrous.

2 - Cartilaginous.

3 - Synovial.

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2
Q

List 2 examples of fibrous joints.

A

1 - Sutures.

2 - Syndesmoses.

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3
Q

List the types of cartilaginous joints.

A
  • Primary / synchondroses.

- Secondary / symphyses.

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4
Q

What is the difference between synchondroses and symphyses?

A
  • A synchondrosis is where the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage.
  • A symphysis is where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage.
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5
Q

List the types of synovial joint.

A

1 - Pivot.

2 - Hinge.

3 - Saddle.

4 - Plane / gliding.

5 - Condyloid / ellipsoidal.

6 - Ball and socket.

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6
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

A ball and socket synovial joint.

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7
Q

Which structure increases the depth of the socket of the hip joint and shoulder joint?

A

A labrum (ring of cartilage).

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8
Q

How does the pelvic girdle of a female differ from that of a male?

A

It is lighter, thinner and wider.

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9
Q

List the bones that compose the pelvic girdle.

A

1 - Ilium.

2 - Ischium.

3 - Pubis.

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10
Q

How does the pelvis move when the thigh extends and flexes?

A

It rotates anteriorly with thigh extension and rotates posteriorly with thigh flexion.

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11
Q

List the ligaments of the hip joint.

A

1 - Iliofemoral.

2 - Pubofemoral.

3 - Ischiofemoral.

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12
Q

List the movements that are resisted by the iliofemoral ligament.

A

1 - Extension.

2 - Internal rotation.

3 - External rotation.

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13
Q

List the movements that are resisted by the pubofemoral ligament.

A

1 - Abduction.

2 - External rotation.

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14
Q

List the movements that are resisted by the ischiofemoral ligament.

A

1 - Adduction.

2 - Internal rotation.

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15
Q

What is the normal range of the angle of inclination of the hip?

A

125 degrees to 135 degrees.

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16
Q

What is the angle of inclination?

A

The angle formed by the meeting of the axis of the shaft of a bone with the axis of the neck and head.

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17
Q

What is coxa vara?

A

A deformity of the hip where the angle of inclination of the femur is less than 125 degrees.

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18
Q

What is coxa valga?

A

A deformity of the hip where the angle of inclination of the femur is more than 135 degrees.

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19
Q

What are the consequences of coxa vara?

A
  • Shortens the limb.
  • Increased effectiveness of abductors.
  • Reduced load on femoral head.
  • Increases load on femoral neck.
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20
Q

What are the consequences of coxa valga?

A
  • Lengthens the limb.
  • Reduces effectiveness of abductors.
  • Increases the load on the femoral head.
  • Reduces the load on the femoral neck.
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21
Q

What is the angle of anteversion?

A

The angle of the femoral neck in the transverse plane.

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22
Q

What is the normal angle of anteversion of the femur?

A

The femoral neck is normally rotated anteriorly 12 - 14 degrees with respect to the femur.

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23
Q

How is the apparent length of the lower limb measured?

A

From the umbilicus to the medial malleolus.

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24
Q

How is the true length of the lower limb measured?

A

From the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus.

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25
Q

When might the true length of the lower limb be affected?

A
  • With a congenitally short limb.

- With a fracture of one of the long bones of the lower limb.

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26
Q

When might the apparent length of the upper limb be affected?

A

With a dislocation at the hip joint.

27
Q

List the hip flexors.

A

1 - Iliopsoas.

2 - Rectus femoris.

3 - Sartorius.

4 - Pectineus.

28
Q

List the hip extensors.

A

1 - Gluteus maximus.

The hamstrings:

2 - Semimembranosus.

3 - Semitendinosus.

4 - Long head of biceps femoris.

29
Q

List the bones of the knee joint.

A

1 - Femur.

2 - Tibia.

3 - Patella.

30
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

A hinge synovial joint.

31
Q

List the nerves that supply structures of the knee joint.

A

1 - Femoral nerve.

2 - Obturator nerve.

3 - Common peroneal nerve.

4 - Tibial nerve.

32
Q

Which joints compose the knee joint?

A
  • 2 condylar joints (formed by the condyles of the femur and tibia).
  • 1 gliding joint (formed by the patella and the patellar surface).
33
Q

How do the articular surfaces of the tibia differ from that of the femur (where the tibia articulates with the femur)?

A

The surfaces of the femoral condyles are convex whereas the surfaces of the tibial condyles are flat (hence tibial plateaus).

34
Q

How is the fit between the articular surfaces of the tibia and femur improved?

A

By interposing fibrocartilagenous plates (menisci) between the tibia and femur.

35
Q

How do menisci improve the articulation of the femur and tibia?

A

By deepening the articular surfaces of tibial plateaus.

36
Q

Why does strengthening the quadriceps muscles also strengthen the knee joint?

A

Because the extracapsular ligaments of the knee joint are derived from tendons of the quadriceps muscles.

37
Q

Which muscles constitute the quadriceps muscles?

A

1 - Vastus lateralis.

2 - Vastus medialis.

3 - Vastus intermedius.

4 - Rectus femoris

38
Q

List the possible movements of the knee joint.

A

1 - Flexion.

2 - Extension.

3 - Rotation.

39
Q

List the muscle(s) that are responsible for flexion of the knee.

A

1 - Gracilis.

2 - Gastrocnemius.

3 - Soleus.

The hamstrings:

4 - Semimembranosus.

5 - Semitendinosus.

6 - Long head of biceps femoris.

40
Q

List the muscle(s) that are responsible for extension of the knee.

A

The quadriceps:

1 - Vastus lateralis.

2 - Vastus medialis.

3 - Vastus intermedius.

4 - Rectus femoris.

41
Q

List the muscle(s) that are responsible for internal rotation of the knee.

A

1 - Semimembranosus.

2 - Popliteus.

Pes anserinus:

3 - Semitendinosus.

4 - Gracilis.

5 - Sartorius.

42
Q

Why is capsule absent at the front of the knee joint?

A

Because this permits the synovial membrane to pouch upwards beneath the quadriceps tendon, forming the supra-patellar bursa.

43
Q

Where is the quadriceps tendon?

A

Just above the kneecap.

44
Q

What is the function of bursae?

A

To provide a cushion between bones and tendons / muscles.

45
Q

What is the function of the patellar tendon?

A

To attach the patella to the tibia.

46
Q

Which structures strengthen the knee joint capsule at the medial and lateral sides of the patella?

A

Expansions of tendons of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis.

47
Q

Which structure strengthens the knee joint capsule posteriorly?

A

The oblique popliteal ligament.

48
Q

Where is the ligamentum patellae?

Is it extracapsular or intracapsular?

A
  • It is an extracapsular ligament.

- It attaches superiorly to the lower border of the patella, and inferiorly to the tuberosity of the tibia.

49
Q

From which structure is the ligamentum patellae derived?

A

It is a continuation of the central portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps muscles.

50
Q

Which structure separates the ligamentum patellae from the synovial membrane of the knee joint capsule?

A

The infrapatellar fat pad.

51
Q

Which structure separates the ligamentum patellae from the tibia?

A

A small infrapatellar bursa.

52
Q

Where is the lateral collateral ligament / fibula collateral ligament?

Is it extracapsular or intracapsular?

A
  • It is an extracapsular ligament.

- It attaches superiorly to the lateral condyle of the femur, and inferiorly to the head of the fibula.

53
Q

Which structure separates the lateral collateral ligament from the lateral meniscus?

A

The tendon of the popliteus muscle.

54
Q

Where is the medial collateral ligament / tibial collateral ligament?

Is it extracapsular or intracapsular?

A
  • It is an extracapsular ligament.
  • It attaches superiorly to the medial condyle of the femur, and inferiorly to the medial surface of the shaft of the tibia.
  • It attaches firmly to the edge of the medial meniscus.
55
Q

Is the oblique popliteal ligament extracapsular or intracapsular?

A

Extracapsular.

56
Q

From which structure is the popliteal ligament derived?

A

The semimembranosus muscle.

57
Q

In relation to which structures are the cruciate ligaments named anterior or posterior?

A

Their tibial attachments.

58
Q

What are the functions of the cruciate ligaments?

A
  • They are the main bond between the femur and tibia.
  • The anterior cruciate ligament prevents posterior displacement of the femur, whereas the posterior cruciate ligament prevents anterior displacement of the femur.
59
Q

Are the cruciate ligaments extracapsular or intracapsular?

A
  • They are intracapsular ligaments.

- However, they are excluded from the synovial cavity by a covering of synovial membrane.

60
Q

Where does the anterior crucitae ligament attach?

A
  • Superiorly at the lateral condyle of the femur.

- Inferiorly at the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia.

61
Q

Where does the posterior crucitae ligament attach?

A
  • Superiorly at the medial condyle of the femur.

- Inferiorly at the posterior intercondyloid fossa of the tibia.

62
Q

Which movement would cause the cruciate ligaments to become taught?

A

Knee extension.

63
Q

Which mensicus is most commonly damaged?

A

The medial meniscus (damaged 20x more often than the lateral meniscus).

64
Q

List the muscle(s) that are responsible for external rotation of the knee.

A

1 - Biceps femoris.

2 - Tensor fasciae latae.

RA 1 (20 decks)

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