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RA 1 > The Ankle Joint & Joints of the Foot > Flashcards

The Ankle Joint & Joints of the Foot Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the ankle region inherently unstable?

A

The centre of gravity of the body passes just in front of the ankle region.

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2
Q

What is the function of retinacula?

A

To strap down tendons and prevent them from bowstringing as they change direction from vertical to horizontal.

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3
Q

Which 3 bones are involved in the articulation of the leg with the foot in the ankle joint?

A

• 2 bones of the leg:

  • Tibia
  • Fibula

• 1 bone of the foot:
- Talus

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4
Q

Which two articulatory surfaces does the tibia contribute to the ankle joint?

A

1 - Superior articulatory surface.

2 - Medial articulatory surface.

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5
Q

Which articulatory surface does the fibula contribute to the ankle joint?

A

Lateral articulatory surface.

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6
Q

Which three articulatory surfaces does the talus contribute to the ankle joint?

A

1 - Inferior articulatory surface.

2 - Infero-medial articulatory surface.

3 - Infero-lateral articulatory surface.

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7
Q

What are the two malleoli of the ankle joint?

A

The medial malleolus is the prominence on the medial side of the ankle, formed by the distal end of the tibia.

The lateral malleolus is the prominence on the lateral side of ankle, formed by the distal end of the fibula.

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8
Q

What is the significance of the malleoli of the ankle joint?

A

Malleoli are key landmarks in distal superficial venous drainage of the lower limb.

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9
Q

What are the 3 articulations of the tibia and fibula?

A

1 - Proximally, tibio-fibular articulation.

2 - Intermediate, interosseous membrane (aponeurotic).

3 - Distally, tibio-fibular syndesmosis.

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10
Q

What type of joint is the tibio-fibular articulation?

A

A plane synovial joint.

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11
Q

What type of joint is the tibio-fibular syndesmosis? What composes it?

A
  • A fibrous joint.

* Composed of the anterior and posterior distal tibio-fibular ligaments.

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12
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

A hinge synovial joint.

or

A mortise and tenon joint.

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13
Q

In the ankle joint, which bones form the mortise (recess) and which bones form the tenon?

A

The tibia and fibula form the mortise and the talus forms the tenon.

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14
Q

What does the talus articulate with to form sub-talar joints?

A

The calcaneus.

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15
Q

What are the 6 joint stabilising structures and surfaces of the ankle joint?

A

1 - Medial Malleolus.

2 - Lateral Malleolus.

3 - Distal tibio-fibular syndesmosis.

4 - Transverse tibio-fibular ligament.

5 - Medial / Deltoid ligament.

6 - Lateral ligament.

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16
Q

How many tarsals does the foot have?

A

7.

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17
Q

How many metatarsals does the foot have?

A

5.

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18
Q

How many phalanges does the foot have?

A

14.

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19
Q

What are the 3 arches of the foot?

A

1 - Medial longitudinal arch.

2 - Lateral longitudinal arch.

3 - Anterior transverse arch.

20
Q

Which 9 bones contribute to the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

1 - Calcaneus (heel).

2 - Talus.

3 - Navicular.

4, 5, 6 - Three cuneiforms.

7, 8, 9 - 1st, 2nd and 3rd metatarsals.

21
Q

Which 4 bones contribute to the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

1 - Calcaneus.

2 - Cuboid.

3 - 4th metatarsal.

4 - 5th metatarsal.

22
Q

What forms the anterior transverse arch of the foot?

A

Articulations of tarsals with metatarsals.

23
Q

What type of bones are the tarsals?

A

Short bones.

24
Q

How many surfaces does each tarsal bone have?

A

6.

25
Q

What are the 5 types of bone morphology?

A

1 - Long

2 - Short

3 - Flat

4 - Irregular

5 - Sesamoid

26
Q

What angle does the body of the talus make with its head?

A

160 degrees.

27
Q

How many articulations does the talus make with the calcaneus?

A

2.

One anteriorly and one posteriorly.

28
Q

Describe the anterior talocalcaneal articulation.

A

The convex surface of the talus fits onto the concave surface of the calcaneus.

29
Q

Describe the posterior talocalcaneal articulation.

A

The concave surface of the talus fits onto the convex surface of the calcaneus.

30
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior talocancaneal articulations?

A

The tarsal canal, a deep groove that runs atero-laterally.

31
Q

Which articulations form the sub-talar joint?

A

The posterior and anterior talocalcaneal articulations.

32
Q

What motion does the subtalar joint allow? What angles can be achieved?

A

Side to side motion (inversion and eversion).

30 degrees of inversion and 15 degrees of eversion.

33
Q

What is another name for the dorsal surface of the body of the talus?

A

The trochlear.

34
Q

How does the trochlear of the talus move during dorsiflexion?

A

Posteriorly, so that the anterior portion of the trochlear occupies and completely fills the mortise of the ankle joint formed by the malleoli.

35
Q

How does the trochlear of the talus move during plantarflexion?

A

Anteriorly, so that the dorsal portion of the troclear occupies some of the mortise.

36
Q

Which nerve is involved in dorsiflexion?

A

The fibular division of the sicatic nerve.

Roots L4-5.

37
Q

Which 3 muscles are involved in dorsiflexion?

A

1 - Tibialis anterior.

2 - Extensor digitorum longus.

3 - Extensor hallucis longus.

38
Q

Which nerve is involved in plantarflexion?

A

The tibial division of the sciatic nerve.

Roots S1-2.

39
Q

Which 5 muscles are involved in plantarflexion?

A

1 - Gastrocnemius.

2 - Soleus.

3 - Tibialis posterior.

4 - Flexor hallucis longus.

5 - Flexor digitorum longus.

40
Q

Where does the medial / deltoid ligament of the ankle joint originate?

Where does it go from its origin?

What does it consist of?

A

From the apex of the medial maleolus.

It fans downwards in a triangular shape.

It consists of superficial and deep fibres.

41
Q

What are the superficial fibres of the medial ligament of the ankle joint?

A

Anterior fibres
- Tibio-navicular ligament.

Middle fibres
- Calcaneo-tibial ligament.

Posterior fibres
- Talo-tibial ligament.

  • The deep fibres are related to the talo-tibial ligament.
42
Q

Where do the deep fibres of the deltoid ligament attach?

A

From the apex of the medial malleolus.

To the medial surface of the talus.

43
Q

Which two tendons cross the deltoid ligament?

A

1 - Tibialis posterior.

2 - Flexor digitorum longus.

44
Q

What does the lateral ligament of the ankle joint consist of?

Where do they originate?

Where do they pass to?

A

3 fibrous bands that originate from the lateral malleolus.

Anterior and posterior fibres pass to the talus.

Intermediate fibres pass to the calcaneus.

45
Q

What ligaments complete a ring in the ankle joint?

A
  • The medial malleolus is connected to the talus by the deltoid ligament.
  • The talus is connected to the lateral malleolus by the lateral ligaments.
  • The fibula is connected to the tibia by the tibio-fibular syndesmosis.
46
Q

What is significant about the ring of ligaments in the ankle joint?

A

It is rare to break the ring on only one side.

Fractures usually involve damage on both medial and lateral aspects of the joint.

47
Q

What is a pott’s fracture?

A

A malleolar ankle fracture resulting from forced excessive eversion of the foot.

RA 1 (20 decks)

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