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RA 1 > Arterial Tree of Lower Limb, Varicose Veins, DVT & Compartment Syndrome > Flashcards

Arterial Tree of Lower Limb, Varicose Veins, DVT & Compartment Syndrome Flashcards

1
Q

Define flexor muscles.

A

Muscles that act to reduce the angle subtended at the joint on which they act.

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2
Q

Define extensor muscles.

A

Muscles that act to increase the angle subtended at the joint on which they act.

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3
Q

List the compartments of the arm.

A
  • The anterior compartment.

- The posterior compartment.

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4
Q

List the compartments of the forearm.

A
  • The anterior compartment.

- The posterior compartment.

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5
Q

List the compartments of the thigh.

A
  • The anterior compartment.
  • The posterior compartment.
  • The medial compartment.
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6
Q

List the compartments of the leg.

A
  • The anterior compartment.
  • The superficial posterior compartment.
  • The deep posterior compartment.
  • The lateral compartment.
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7
Q

List the 4 classes of tissues of the body.

A

1 - Epithelia.

2 - Connective tissue.

3 - Muscle.

4 - Nervous tissue.

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8
Q

From which classes of tissues of the body is vascular derived?

A
  • Epithelia.
  • Connective tissue.
  • Muscle.
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9
Q

Describe the organisation of muscle tissue.

A

Striated:

  • Skeletal.
  • Cardiac.

Non-striated:

  • Smooth.
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10
Q

List the layers of a generic blood vessel from deep to superficial.

A

1 - Tunica intima.

2 - Tunica media.

3 - Tunica adventitia.

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11
Q

What layers compose the tunica intima?

A
  • Squamous epithelium (endothelium).

- An internal elastic membrane.

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12
Q

What layers compose the tunica media?

A
  • Muscle.

- An external elastic membrane.

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13
Q

What composes the tunica adventitia?

A

Connective tissue.

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14
Q

List the histological differences between arteries and veins.

A

1 - The tunica media of arteries is thicker than that of veins.

2 - As a result arteries have a more uniform circular shape.

3 - The lumen of veins is larger than that of arteries (relative to the thickness of the wall).

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15
Q

At which point in systemic circulation of blood do components of the fluid phase of blood leave circulation to form interstitial fluid and lymph?

A

Where venules become veins.

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16
Q

What are the names of the peaks found on a graph of arterial pressure over time?

A
  • A systolic peak.

- A diastolic peak.

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17
Q

Define dicrotic notch.

A

The interval between the two peaks found on a graph of arterial pressure over time.

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18
Q

What does the dicrotic notch represent?

A

The closure of the semilunar valve at the onset of diastole.

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19
Q

What are the names of the waves on a graph of arterial pressure over time?

In which phases do they occur?

A
  • The ejected wave (systolic phase).

- The reflected wave (diastolic phase).

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20
Q

List the branches that arise from the ascending aorta.

A

The right and left coronary arteries.

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21
Q

List the branches that arise from the arch of the aorta.

A

On the right:

  • The brachiocephalic artery.

On the left:

  • The left common carotid artery.
  • The left subclavian artery.
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22
Q

What does the brachiocephalic artery give rise to?

A
  • The right common carotid artery.

- The right subclavian artery.

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23
Q

List the segments of the aorta.

A

1 - Ascending aorta.

2 - Aortic arch.

3 - Descending aorta.

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24
Q

What is the sternal angle of Louis?

A

An imaginary, oblique plane that joins the manubriosternal joint anteriorly to the T4/5 intervertebral disc posteriorly.

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25
Q

List 4 anatomical features for which the sternal angle of Louis is a landmark.

A

1 - The 2nd costal cartilages.

2 - The bifurcation of the trachea.

3 - The point at which the vagus nerve gives rise to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve.

4 - The division of the mediastinum into superior and inferior mediastini.

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26
Q

List the segments of the descending aorta.

A
  • The thoracic aorta.

- The abdominal aorta.

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27
Q

List the superior and inferior boundaries of the thoracic aorta.

A
  • Superiorly: The sternal angle of Louis.

- Inferiorly: The aortic hiatus of the diaphragm (T12).

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28
Q

List the structures that receive blood supply from the thoracic aorta.

A
  • Muscles of the chest wall.

- The spinal cord.

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29
Q

List the superior and inferior boundaries of the abdominal aorta.

A
  • Superiorly: The aortic hiatus of the diaphragm (T12).

- Inferiorly: The L3/4 intervertebral disc.

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30
Q

List the two phases of the abdominal aorta.

A
  • The suprarenal segment.

- The infrarenal segment.

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31
Q

What separates the two phases of the aorta?

A

The point at vertebral level L1/2 where the abdominal aorta gives rise to the renal arteries.

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32
Q

What does the abdominal aorta give rise to?

A

The left and right common iliac arteries.

33
Q

List 4 anatomical landmarks that mark the end of the abdominal aorta.

A
  • The L4/5 intervertebral disc.
  • The supracristal plane of the pelvis.
  • The vertebral level of the umbilicus.
  • The T10 dermatomal level.
34
Q

List 4 major arteries that arise from the abdominal aorta.

A

1 - The coeliac artery.

2 - The mesenteric arteries.

3 - The renal arteries.

4 - The common iliac arteries.

35
Q

At which vertebral level does the coeliac artery arise?

A

L1.

36
Q

At which vertebral level does the superior mesenteric artery arise?

A

L1.

37
Q

At which vertebral level does the inferior mesenteric artery arise?

A

L3.

38
Q

At which vertebral level do the renal arteries arise?

A

L1/L2.

39
Q

At which vertebral level do the left and right common iliac arteries arise?

A

L4/5.

40
Q

List the arteries of the lower limb in order from superior to inferior, ignoring small terminating branches.

A

1 - Common iliac.

2 - External iliac.

3 - Femoral.

4 - Popliteal.

5 - Tibial (anterior and posterior).

41
Q

From which artery does the internal iliac artery arise?

A

The common iliac artery.

42
Q

From which artery does the profunda femoris artery arise?

A

The femoral artery.

43
Q

From which artery does the peroneal artery arise?

A

The posterior tibial artery.

44
Q

List 3 anatomical landmarks that mark the beginning of the common iliac artery.

A
  • The L3/4 intervertebral disc.
  • The umbilicus.
  • The supracristal plane.
45
Q

Which anatomical landmark marks the beginning of the external iliac artery?

A

The L5/S1 intervertebral disc.

46
Q

Which anatomical landmark marks the beginning of the femoral artery?

A

The lower border of the inguinal ligament.

47
Q

Which anatomical landmark marks the beginning of the popliteal artery?

A

The point of the adductor canal where the femoral artery exits.

48
Q

Which anatomical landmark marks the beginning of the anterior and posterior tibial arteries?

A

The lower border of popliteus.

49
Q

What is the adductor canal?

A

An opening in adductor magnus at the apex of the femoral triangle.

50
Q

Where can the femoral artery be palpated?

A

At the pubic tubercle.

51
Q

What is the adductor hiatus?

A

A gap between the adductor magnus muscle and the femur that allows the passage of the femoral vessels from the anterior thigh to the posterior thigh

52
Q

Which arteries supply the knee joint?

A

Branches of the popliteal artery.

53
Q

List 2 locations at which the pulse of the dorsalis pedis artery can be palpated.

A

1 - Above the navicular.

2 - Medial to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus.

54
Q

Which artery gives rise to the dorsalis pedis artery?

A

The anterior tibial artery.

55
Q

Which artery gives rise to the medial and lateral plantar arteries?

A

The posterior tibial artery.

56
Q

Which arteries constitute the blood supply to the foot?

A
  • The medial & lateral plantar arteries.

- The dorsalis pedis arteries.

57
Q

Which artery passes behind the medial malleolus?

A

The posterior tibial artery.

58
Q

Where can the pulse of the posterior tibial artery be palpated?

A

Behind and below the malleolus of the ankle.

59
Q

Where can the pulse of the popliteal artery be palpated?

A

In the popliteal fossa.

60
Q

List the types of capillaries.

A

1 - Continuous capillaries.

2 - Fenestrated capillaries.

3 - Discontinuous / sinusoid capillaries.

61
Q

List 3 typical locations of continuous capillaries.

A

1 - Fat.

2 - Muscle.

3 - The nervous system.

62
Q

List 3 typical locations of fenestrated capillaries.

A

1 - Intestinal villi.

2 - Endocrine glands.

3 - Kidney glomeruli.

63
Q

List 3 typical locations of discontinuous / sinusoid capillaries.

A

1 - The liver.

2 - Bone marrow.

3 - The spleen.

64
Q

How does the basement membrane of sinusoid capillaries differ from that of continuous and fenestrated capillaries?

A
  • It is incomplete (as is the endothelial layer) in discontinuous / sinusoid capillaries.
  • It is complete in continuous and fenestrated capillaries.
65
Q

What is the name of the cells that wrap around endothelial cells to facilitate angiogenesis?

A

Pericytes.

66
Q

Define longitudinal conduction.

A

The conduction of venous blood from venules to the right atrium.

67
Q

Why is longitudinal conduction not enough to transmit venous blood to the aorta?

A
  • It is a low pressure system.

- Venous blood tends to pool in the lower extremities as a result of gravity.

68
Q

What helps with the transmission of venous blood from venules to the right aorta?

A

The musculovenous pump (rhytmic contraction of skeletal muscles).

69
Q

What is the name of the veins that connect deep veins to superficial veins?

A

Perforating veins.

70
Q

In which direction does blood flow through perforating veins?

A

From superficial to deep.

71
Q

What is the advantage of allowing superficial venous blood to flow into deep veins?

A
  • Superficial veins will collapse if there is no hydrostatic pressure in them.
  • Deep veins will have a higher hydrostatic pressure.
72
Q

What are vaso vasorum?

A

The veins that drain the walls of large blood vessels.

73
Q

What are venae commitante?

A

The veins that accompany their corresponding arteries.

74
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A
  • Failure of valves of perforating veins, causing backflow of venous blood to superficial veins and resulting in stasis.
  • Veins become swollen and enlarged, as with varicose veins.
75
Q

How can varicose veins be treated?

A

By stripping the affected veins.

76
Q

When does compartment syndrome occur?

A
  • When tissue pressure exceeds perfusion pressure (when pressure in an anatomical compartment is too high).
  • Due to decreased compartment size or increased fluid content.
77
Q

List 4 causes of increased fluid content in an anatomical compartment.

A

1 - Burns.

2 - Intra-arterial injections.

3 - Haemorrhages.

4 - Venom.

78
Q

What is the major risk of compartment syndrome?

A

Necrosis.

RA 1 (20 decks)

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