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AANATOMY > Upper limb 1 > Flashcards

Upper limb 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axilla?

A

pyramidal space below the shoulder joint

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2
Q

Function of axilla

A

passageway for vessels and nerves going to and from the upper limb

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3
Q

Anterior wall of axilla

A

pec major & pec minor

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4
Q

Posterior wall of axilla

A

teres major & subscapularis

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5
Q

Medial wall of axilla

A

serratus anterior & thoracic wall

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6
Q

Lateral wall of axilla

A

intertubercular groove of humerus

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7
Q

The axillary artery is the continuation of which artery?

A

subclavian

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8
Q

at what anatomical point does the axillary artery start?

A

lateral border of 1st rib

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9
Q

Axillary artery continues beyond the axilla as which vessel?

A

brachial

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10
Q

At what anatomical point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

distal to inferior border of teres major

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11
Q

When may compression of axillary artery be necessary?

A

profuse bleeding due to severe injury of upper limb

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12
Q

What forms the brachial plexus?

A

ventral rami of C5-T1

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13
Q

major branches of brachial plexus

A

Musculocutaneous

Axillary

Median

Radial

Ulnar

(My Aunt Makes Ridiculous Umbrellas)

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14
Q

Which nerves roots form upper trunk?

A

C5 & C6

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15
Q

Erb’s point and clinical relevance

A

Union of C5 &C6

Can be injured at birth (shoulder dystocia) or fall on shoulders (hyperextension)

Can paralyse arm muscles -> waiter’s tip

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16
Q

Waiters tip position

A

Erb’s palsy

Medially rotated & wrist flexed

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17
Q

Which group of muscles affected in erb’s palsy?

A

Those innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and the axillary nerve (and some of the radial nerve)

Musculocutaneous nerve: (BBC) Biceps Brachialis Coracobrachialis

Axillary nerve: Deltoid, teres minor,

Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6): Infraspinatus and supraspinatus

Radial nerve (partially): Wrist extensors

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18
Q

Roots of lower trunk of brachial plexus

A

C8 & T1

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19
Q

Klumpke’s palsy

A

Paralysis of: Intrinsic muscles of hand

Ulnar flexors of wrist and fingers

Causes claw hand

Lower trunk affected

Affects C8-T1

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20
Q

Cause of klumpke’s palsy

A

Undue abduction of arm

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21
Q

How are the cords of the brachial plexus named?

A

In relation to axillary artery

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22
Q

Brachial plexus nerves and their cords

A

Lateral cord -> muscluocutanous & median

Posterior cord -> axillary &radial

Medial cord -> ulnar & median

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23
Q

Where do the cephalic and basilic veins arise?

A

Cephalic -> lateral end of dorsal venous arch

Basilic - medial end of dorsal venous arch

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24
Q

What is the median cubital vein?

A

Large communicating vein shunting blood from cephalic to basilic vein

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25
Q

Dermatome

A

area of skin supplied by one spinal segment

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26
Q

Where do all upper limb lymphatic vessels drain?

A

Axillary LN

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27
Q

5 distinct axillary LN groups

A

Pectoral (anteiror)

Subscapular (posteiror)

Apical

Central

Lateral

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28
Q

Why can infected umbilicus spread to axillary and superficial inguinal LN?

A

Inguinal watershed region

Boudry at which lymph can spread up and below

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29
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Connects upper limb to axial skeleton

involves only the scapula and clavicle

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30
Q

Upper limb and pectoral girdle articulating point

A

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint

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31
Q

Clavicle break

A

Inbetween the medial and lateral 1/3rds

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32
Q

AC joint is a type of

A

Synovial plane

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33
Q

Sternoclavicular joint is a type of

A

Synovial saddle

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34
Q

Movement of shoulder joint involves what?

A

Acromioclavicular (AC)

Sternoclavicular (SC)

Gelnohumeral

Scapulothoracic

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35
Q

Scapula-humeral rhythm

A

Beyond 90 degrees of abduction…

For every 3 degrees of abduction:

2o -> glenohumeral

1o -> scapula-thoracic

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36
Q

Elevation of scapula is caused by

A

Levetor scapulae

Trapezius

Rhomboids

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37
Q

Depression of scapula is caused by

A

Lower trapezius

Serratus anterior

38
Q

protraction of scapula is caused by

A

Serratus anterior

Pec major and minor

39
Q

Retraction of scapula is caused by

A

Middle fibres of trapezius

Rhomboids

40
Q

Lateral rotation of scapula is casued by

A

trapezius (superior and inferior)

serratus anterior

41
Q

medial rotation of scapula is caused by

A

Rhomboids

pec major

levator scapulae

gravity

42
Q

Glenohumeral joint type and what each part is

A

synovial ball and sockek

ball= humeral head

socket= glenoid cavity

43
Q

Rim of cartilage around glenoid cavity

A

glenoid labrum

44
Q

Glenoid labrum function

A

Insertion for structures

Deepens socket

increases stability

Prevents discloations

45
Q

Glenohumeral ligament strengthens what aspect of the joint

A

Anterior aspect of joint

46
Q

Coracohumeral ligament strengthens what aspect of the joint

A

Superior aspect of joint capsule

47
Q

Coraco-acromial arch is made up of

A

Acromion

coracoid process

coracoacromial ligament

48
Q

function of coraco-acromial arch

A

Prevents displacement of humeral head

49
Q

What part of shoulder joint is weakest and why?

A

Inferior part

Its not protected by any muscles or ligaments

50
Q

Which shoulder bursa communicates with joint cavity?

A

Subscapular

51
Q

Subacromial bursa function

A

Facilitate movement of supraspinous tendon and deltoid over joint capsule

52
Q

Subacromial bursa injury

A

Dislocation of glenohumeral joint

53
Q

4 rotator cuff muscles

A

Teres minor

Subscapularis

Supraspinatous

Infraspinatous

54
Q

Glenohumeral joint movements by rotator cuff muscles

A

Abduction

External and internal rotation

55
Q

Rotator cuff main function

A

Stability

56
Q

Deltoid attachments

A

Lateral spine of scapula

acromion

lateral third of clavicle

delotoid tuberosity of humerus

57
Q

Anterior fibres of deltoid actions on glenohumeral joint

A

Flexion

Medially rotation

58
Q

Middle fibres of deltoid actions on glenohumeral joint

A

Abduction (its main function)

59
Q

Posterior fibres of deltoid actions on glenohumeral joint

A

Extension

Lateral rotation

60
Q

Nerve supply to deltoid

A

Axillary nerve

(posteior cord -> C5/6)

61
Q

Common injury trapping axillary nerve

A

Surgical neck of humerus fracture

62
Q

Loss of sensation of axillary nerve

A

Regimental badge area

Lateral arm

63
Q

Origin of pec major fibres

A

Medial 1/3rd of clavicle

sternum

ribs

64
Q

Pec major actions on glenohumeral joint

A

Flexion

Adduction

Internally rotation

65
Q

Deltopectoral triangle

A

Space below clavicle & between:

deltoid

pec major

cephalic vein

66
Q

Nerve supply of serratus anterior

A

Long thoracic nerve

C5, 6 & 7

67
Q

Injury to long thoracic nerve and when this could happen

A

Winged scapula

Radial mastecomy (surgery for breast cancer)

68
Q

Superior fibres of trapezius actions on scapula

A

Elevation

69
Q

Medial fibres of trapezius actions on scapula

A

Retraction

70
Q

Inferior fibres of trapezius actions on scapula

A

Depression

71
Q

Trapezius innervation

A

CN 11 -Accessory nerve

72
Q

Teres major action on glenohumeral joint

A

Adduct

Medial rotation

73
Q

Lattisimus dorsi action on glenohumeral joint

A

Extension

Adduction

Medial rotation

74
Q

what muslces cause Lateral or external rotation of glenohumeral joint

A

Teres minor

infraspinatus

75
Q

What muscles does the brachial plexus lie in between?

A

Middle and anterior Scalene muscles

76
Q

What is the only bursa in the shoulder that communicates with the shoulder joint?

A

Suscapular bursa

77
Q

What is the innervation of the pectroalis major

A

Medial pectroal nerve

Lateral pectoral nerve

78
Q

Klumpke’s palsy affects the lower trunk, which is C8-T1. What is the risk if T1 being affected?

(i.e. what syndrome is Klumpke’s linked to)

A

Horner’s syndrome

Resulting in ptosis and miosis (constriction of pupil)

79
Q

What are the 3 clinical tests for shoulder ligament injuries?

A

TOSSY classification

10kg test

Piano key test

80
Q

What type of bone is the scapula

A

Flat bone

81
Q

What type of bone is the clacvicle

A

Long bone

82
Q

What is the shape of the clavicle

A

S shaped

Medial aspect -> concave

Lateral aspect -> convex

83
Q

Which lymph nodes is invloved in the following injuries…

Infection of little finger

Boil in scapular region

Lateral part of th breat

Infectoin around the umbilicus (along with the superficila inguinal)

A

AXILLAAAARRRYYYYYYY

84
Q

What muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus

A

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

85
Q

What muscles attaches to the lesser trocanter of the humerus

A

Subscapularis

86
Q

What is the only rotator cuff muscle that does not insert on the greater tubuercle of the huemrus

A

Subscapularis

(inserts on the lesser tubercle)

87
Q

What muscles attach to the intertubercular sulcus

A

Latissums dorsi

Teres major

Pec major

88
Q

What muscles attach onto the medial epicondyle

A

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor carpi ulnaris

FDS

Palmaris longus

89
Q

What muscels attach to the coaracoid process

A

Coracobrachialis

Pec minor

Short head of biceps brachii

90
Q

What muscles attach to the supraglenoid and infragelnoid tubercle

A

Supraglenoid -> long head of biceps

Infraglenoid -> long head of tricpes

91
Q

What muscles attach to the acromion and clavicle

A

Deltoid

Trapezius

AANATOMY (20 decks)

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