Lower limb 2 Flashcards
Pelvic girdle and the joints that are anteior and posterior do it
Bony ring consisting of sacrum and hip bones
joined anteriorly -> pubic symphysis
joined posteriorly -> sacro-illiac joints
Which sciatic foramen do structures enter & leave the pelvis
greater
which sciatic foramen for structures entering &leaving perineum
lesser
ENTER AND LEAVE THE…
PELVIS -> GREATER SCIATIC FORMAEN
PERINEUM -> LESSER SCIATIC FORAMEN
How many layers of gluteal muscles?
2
superficial and deep
4 muscles of superficial layer of gluteal muscles
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
TFL
4 muscles of deep layer of gluteal muscles
piriformis
obturator internus
superior and inferior gemelli
quadratus femoris
What is fascial lata?
deep fascia of the thigh
2 muscles attached to iliotibial tract
TFL
gluteus maximus
Actions of gluteus maximus on hip
extension
external rotation
Movements of gluteus maximus -> EE
(extenral rotatoin and extension)
Innervation of gluteus maximus
inferior gluteal nerve
(L5-S2)
Gluteal muscles innervation
Maximus -> inferior gluteal nerve
Medius & minimus -> superior gluteal nerve
Actions of gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and TFL at the hip
Abduction
Medial rotation
Innervation of gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and TFL
Superior gluteal nerve (L4 -> S1)
Deep layer of gluteal muscles action on hip
Stabilisation
Lateral rotation
Anterior to which muscle is sacral plexus found?
(sciatic nerve is a branch of the sacral plexus)
Piriformis
Sacral plexus is formed by what?
Ventral rami of L4-S4
2 main branches of sacral plexus
sciatic
pudendal
What is the lumbosacral trunk formed by?
Union of L4 & L5
Superior gluteal nerve roots
L4-S1
Inferior gluteal nerve roots
L5-S2
2 branches of sciatic nerve
common fibular
tibial
How many heads does biceps femoris have?
2
(bi=2, ceps= heads)
the hamstrings are made up of
biceps femoris
semitendinous
semimembranosus
action of hamstrings on knee and hip
hip -> extension
knee -> flexion
Which nerve innervates posterior thigh muscles?
Sciatic
Knee joint type
Synovial (compound) hinge
Movements at knee joint
flexion & extension
small active & passive rotation
Articular surfaces of knee
medial and lateral condyles of femur
tibia
posterior surface of patella
Most important muscle to stabilise knee joint
Quadriceps femoris
Ligaments of knee are thickening of what?
Joint capsule
Knee’s lateral collateral ligament (LCL) attachments
lateral epicondyle of femur
fibula head
What muscle separates LCL and lateral meniscus?
Popliteal muscle
Knee’s medial collateral ligament (MCL) attachments
medial epicondyle of femur
medial surface of tibia
Is MCL attached to medial meniscus?
It is indeed
Attaches at the medial meniscus’ midpoint
(can cause that ‘unhappy triad’ injury as a tear to the MCL tears the medial menisucs which also damages the ACL)
MCL and medial meniscus attachment importance
Damage to MCL can tear medial meniscus
(which can damage the ACL, leading to the ‘unhappy triad’)
2 things the ACL prevents
Hyperextension of knee
Femur slipping posteriorly on tibia
(anterior sag test and all that jazz)
Why is ACL prone to injury and poor to repair?
Poor blood supply
What does the PCL prevent
Femur sliding anteriorly on tibia
Main functions of menisci
Deepen surface
Shock absorption
“unhappy triad”
most injuries are lateral direction load on MCL which is attaches to medial meniscus
both MCL and medial meniscus tear
Puts load on ACL which tears -> it also tears :(
Prepatellar bursitis is also known as
Housemaids knee
Which bursa communicates with articular cavity of knee?
Suprapatellar
What is Hilton’s law
The nerves supplying the joint capsule also supply the muscles regulating the movement of the joint and the skin surroudning it
What artery surrounds the neck of the femur
Medial & lateral circumflex femoral artery
What is the anatomical landmark for the femoral pulse
Midinguinal point
What nerve is related to the head of the fibula
Common fibular nerve
What are these nerves
Blue -> Femoral nerve
Red -> Obturator nerve
