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AANATOMY > Female pelvis > Flashcards

Female pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

What do the female internal reproductive organs include?

A

Uterus

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

Vagina

Ovaries

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2
Q

What 3 structures constitute the birth canal?

A

Uterus

Cervix

Vagina

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium

Myometrium

Endometrium

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4
Q

The suspensory ligament of the ovary is a continuation of which ligament?

A

Broad ligament of the uterus

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5
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus in terms of how it lies?

A

Anteverted = tipped anterosuperiorly relative to the axis of the vagina Anteflexed = Uterine body is flexed or bent anteriorly relative to the cervix

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6
Q

What could happen if the position of the uterus is retroverted and retroflexed?

A

Uterine prolapse can occur

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7
Q

What are the fornices of the vagina?

A

Recess around the protruding cervix

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8
Q

Through which vaginal fornix can you access the rectouterine pouch?

A

Posterior vaginal fornix

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9
Q

Which ligament (part of the pelvic fascia, which is one of the main supports of the uterus) is also called the cardinal ligament of the uterus?

A

Transverse cervical

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10
Q

What ligament is a remnant of the gubernaculum

A

Round ligament of the uterus

Goes through the inguinal canal

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11
Q

Apart from the pelvic fascia what other structure in the pelvis is also an important support of the uterus?

A

Pelvic floor/ diaphragm

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12
Q

The uterine tubes are divided into 4 parts. Name them

A

Infundibulum

Ampulla

Isthmus

Intramural

Uterine part

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13
Q

Which part of the uterine tube is longest and widest?

A

Ampulla

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14
Q

Fertilization occurs in which part of the uterine tube?

A

Ampulla

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15
Q

What is meant by an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy?

A

Blastocyst implants into mucosa of uterine tube (usually Ampulla) so never reaches uterus

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16
Q

Where does a cronual ectopic pregnancy implant

A

Uterine horn

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17
Q

Name the two ligaments associated with the ovary

A

Ovarian ligament: uterus -> ovary

Suspensory ligament: ovary -> pelvic wall

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18
Q

The blood supply to the gonads and genitalia is via two major branches from the aorta. Name them

A

Gonadal and internal iliac arteries

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19
Q

At what vertebral level do the gonadal arteries originate?

A

L2

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20
Q

In the female the ovarian artery descends within …………… to supply the ovaries via the …………. Fill in the gaps above

A

Descends within the suspensory ligament Supply ovaries via broad ligament

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21
Q

The ovarian artery freely anastomoses with which artery and may in fact be replaced by it?

A

uterine artery

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22
Q

Into which vessels do the gonadal veins drain?

A

Right = IVC

Left = left renal vein

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23
Q

The uterine artery crosses over the ureter at what level?

A

Level of ischial spine

At the junction of the cervix and lateral part of fornix of vagina

(“water under the bridge”)

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24
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the internal pelvic organs follows what route?

A

Follows the arterial supply and venous drainage

25
Q

Lymph from the labia and distal part of the vagina drain into which group of lymph nodes?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

26
Q

Lymph from the ovary drains into which group of lymph nodes?

A

Para-aortic nodes

27
Q

The fundus and upper uterine body drains into which lymph nodes?

A

Pre-aortic lymph nodes

28
Q

Most of the uterine body drains into which group of lymph nodes?

A

External iliac nodes

29
Q

The uterine cervix and upper vagina drain into which group of lymph nodes?

A

Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes

30
Q

The lower vagina drains into which group of lymph nodes?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

31
Q

What are the breasts?

A

Highly modified sweat glands lying in the superficial fascia of the pectoral region. They form important accessory organs of the female reproductive system, and provide nutrition to the new born in the form of milk

32
Q

Each breast consists of 15-25 lobes. What tissue do these lobes contain?

A

Tubulo-acinar gland (parenchyma)

Stroma (connective tissue)

33
Q

Where does the breast extend from -> to?

A

Vertically: 2nd rib -> 6th rib

Horizontal: lateral border of sternum -> anterior axillary line

34
Q

The breast lies anterior to which muscles?

A

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

Serratus anterior

35
Q

The mammary gland is extremely vascular. What arteries are they supplied by?

A

Branches of subclavian and axillary arteries:

Lateral thoracic -> lateral mammary branches

Internal thoracic -> medial mammary branches

36
Q

Where does lymph drain from the medial and lateral quadrants of the breast

A

Lateral -> Axillary lymph nodes

Medial -> Parasternal lymph nodes & other breast

37
Q

It is possible for lymph from the medial side of one breast to drain to the opposite side. What is the clinical significance of this?

A

Cancer can spread from one breast to the other

38
Q

What does the placenta develop from?

A

Membranes that surround the fetus and the uterine endometrium

39
Q

What are the 4 functions of the placenta?

A
  1. Gaseous exchange
  2. Nutrient Exchange
  3. Metabolism (synthesis of glycogen)
  4. Endocrine secretions (HcG)

It forms a link of physiological exchange between maternal and fetal circulation

40
Q

What are the functions of the umbilical arteries and veins?

A

Arteries = carry deoxygenated blood

Veins = carry oxygenated blood

41
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the broad ligament?

A

Mesosalpinx

Mesovarium

Mesometrium

42
Q

What are the main supports of the uterus?

A

Pelvic diaphragm

Pelvic fascia (e.g. round ligaments)

43
Q

The uterus and cervix are firmly anchored in the pelvis by a number of ligamentous attachments. Name them

A

Ligament of ovary

Suspensory ligament of ovary

Round ligament

Broad ligament (also middle uterine ligaments)

44
Q

Why is the cardinal ligament often removed in a hysterectomy

A

they are common reservoir of cancerous cells.

45
Q

What are the pubocervical ligaments?

A

The pubocervical ligaments are bilateral structures, which attach the cervix to the posterior surface of the pubic symphysis.

46
Q

What are the uterosacral ligaments?

A

The uterosacral ligaments are also bilateral fibrous bands, which attach the cervix to the sacrum. They are also known as the recto-uterine ligaments or sacrocervical ligaments. This supports the uterus and holds it in place.

47
Q

Name the ligaments which hold the uterus in place on its superior and middle aspects

A

Superior aspect

broad ligament

round ligament

Middle aspect

transverse cervical (cardinal ligaments)

pubocervical ligament

uterosacral ligament

48
Q

What is the most fixed part of the uterus and why

A

Cervix

It is where all the ligament attach

49
Q

What is the braod ligament of the uterus

A

Double layer of peritoneum

50
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes

A

Transports fertilised egg or ovum

51
Q

What are the contents of the superficial and deep perinral pouches

A

Superficial

Ischiocavernosus

Bulbospongiosus

Superficial transverse perineal muscle

External anal sphincter

External gentila

Pernial membrane

Pernial body

Deep

External urethral sphincter

Bulboourethral gland

Compressor urethrae

Deep transverse pernial muscle

Urethrovaginal sphincter

52
Q

What are the differences between the placenta’s fetal and maternal surface

A

fetal surface -> smooth

Maternal surface -> rough

53
Q

What position is the female uterus in early pregnancy

A

Retroverted and retroflexed

54
Q

What do the para and pre-aortic LNs drain

A

Para -> ovaries

Pre -> fundus

55
Q

Which segment of the uterus is involved in C-sections

A

Lower 1/3rd

56
Q

What does the placenta develop from

A

trophpblast cells

57
Q

What stage of pregnancy does the placetna seperate from the uterine wall

A

3rd stage

58
Q

What are the lumps on the maternal surface of the placenta formed by

A

Cotlyedon

59
Q

What happens to the ovarian ligaments during pregnancy and during the menopause

A

Pregnancy -> displaced

Menopause -> atrophied

AANATOMY (20 decks)

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