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aanatomy > Normal Anatomy of the Breast > Flashcards

Normal Anatomy of the Breast Flashcards

1
Q

The breast is present in what form in males?

A

Rudimentary form

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2
Q

The breast is a site of malignant change in how many women?

A

1 in 10

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3
Q

What are the functions of the breast?

A

Secondary sexual feature in females

Source of nutrition for the neonate

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4
Q

What kind of glands are breasts developed from?

A

Modified and highly specialised sweat glands

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5
Q

What is the breasts special capsule or sheath?

A

It doesnt have one

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6
Q

Breast size and shape depends on?

A

Genetic, racial, and dietary factors

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7
Q

The breast extends vertically between which ribs?

A

2nd or 3rd rib to 6th rib

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8
Q

The breast extends transverselly from where to where?

A

Sternal edge to midaxillary line

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9
Q

What is the location of the axillary tail (of spence) or process?

A

A small part of the breast that extends towards the axillary fossa

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10
Q

What fascia does the breast lie on?

A

Deep pectoral fascia

2/3rd of the breast rests on the pectoral fascia covering pectoralis major

1/3rd of the breast rests on the fascia covering serratus anterior

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11
Q

What bursa (space) helps the breast with some degree of movement?

A

Retromammary space (bursa)

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12
Q

The breast is firmly attached to the dermis by what?

What does this help do?

A

Suspensory ligament of cooper

Help support the lobules of the gland

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13
Q

What is the nipple and areola?

A

Nipple - prominence of the breast

Areola - Pigmented area around the nipple

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14
Q

Each breast contains how many lobules of glandular tissue (parenchyma)?

A

15-20

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15
Q

Each lobule is drained by what?

A

Lactiferous duct

opens independently on the nipple

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16
Q

WHat is the dilated portion of each duct called?

A

Lactiferous sinus

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17
Q

Describe the nipple:

Whats its surface like? What is it made of? Whats its position?

A

No fat or hair

Conatins collagenous dense connective tissue, elastic fibres and bands of smooth muscle

Position: variable or 4th intercostal space

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18
Q

THe tips of nipples are fissured with what?

A

Lactiferous ducts opening into them

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19
Q

What is the structure and function of the areola?

A

Skin covering the nipple and areola contains numerous sweat and sebaceous glands

Oily material secreted by the sebaceous glands provides a protective lubricant for nipple and areola

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20
Q

What happens to the areola during pregnancy?

A

Enlarge

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21
Q

For anatomical location and description of pathology (cysts and tumours) the breast is divided into 4 quadrants

Name the 4 quadrants of the breast.

A

Superolateral quadrant

Superomedial quadrant

Inferolateral quadrant

Inferomedial quadrant

22
Q

Which quadrant is the axillary tail a part of?

A

Extension of breast tissue in the superolateral quadrant

23
Q

Describe the male breast

A

Rudimentary throughout life

formed by small ducts without lobules or alveoli

Little supporting fibroadipose tissue

Temporary enlargement in newborn and during puberty

24
Q

During development of the breast mammary crests or ridges appear when?

A

During 4th week

25
Q

The mammary crests or ridges extend from where to where during development?

A

Extend from axillary region to inguinal region

26
Q

During breast development the crests usually disappear except in which region?

A

Pectoral region

27
Q

How do the lactiferous ducts and their branches develop?

A

Primary mammary buds -> secondary buds -> lactiferous ducts and their branches

28
Q

What is gynecomastia?

A

Postnatal development of rudimentary lactiferous ducts in males

During mid puberty about 2/3rd of boys develop varying degrees of hyperplasia of the breasts

29
Q

What is polymastia?

A

An extra breast

30
Q

What is polythelia?

A

An extra nipple

31
Q

What athelia or amastia?

A

Absence of nipple or breast

32
Q

What is the blood supply of the breast?

A

Supplied by branches of:

  • Axillary artery
  • Internal Thoracic artery
  • Some intercostal arteries

Thoraco acromial artery
Lateral thoracic artery
Internal mammary (thoracic) artery

33
Q

What nerves supply the breast and what do these convey?

A

Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of 4-6th intercostal nerves

They convey sensory fibres to the skin of the breast

They also carry sympathetic fibres to the blood vessels and to the smooth muscle around the nipple

34
Q

What is the clinical significance of the lymphatic drainage of the breast?

A

Metastatic dissemination occurs primarily by the lymphatic routes

Breast lymphatics branch extensively and do not contain valves

35
Q

Most lymph (more than 75%) from the lateral quadrants drains where?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

36
Q

Lymph from the medial quadrants of the breast drains where?

A

Parasternal or to opposite breast

37
Q

Some lymph from the breast drains where?

A

Directly to supraclavicular or inferior cervical nodes

38
Q

What is used to locate the sentinal node in breast cancer?

A

A radiolabelled colloid

At the time of surgery, a vital blue dye is injected

A combination of radioisotope and dye provides most accurate means of localising the node

39
Q

The breast soft tissue is made of lobes which contain what?

A

Network of glandular tissue consisting of branching ducts and secretory lobules in a connective tissue stroma

40
Q

What is the functional milk secretory component of the breast?

A

The terminal duct lobular unit

41
Q

What is the difference between the connective tissue stroma that surrounds the lobules and the intralobular tissue?

A

The connective tissue stroma that surrounds the lobules is dense and fibrocollagenous, whereas intralobular tissue has a loose texture

42
Q

Describe the histology of the normal breast

A

Extensive branching duct system

Surrounded by dense fibrous interlobular tissue and adipose tissue

Ducts and acini are lined by two layers of cells

  • Luminal epithelial cells
  • Myoepithelial cells
43
Q

Describe the prepuberty breast

A

Neonatal breast contain lactiferous ducts but no alveoli

Until puberty, little branching of the ducts occurs

Slight breast enlargement reflects the growth of fibrous stroma and fat

44
Q

Describe the puberty breast

A

Branching of lactiferous ducts

Solid, spheroidal masses of granular polyhedral cells (alveoli)

Accumulation of lipids in the adipocytes

45
Q

Describe the post menopausal breast

A

Progressive atrophy of lobules and ducts

Fatty replacement of glandular tissue

46
Q

Describe the histology of the breast during pregnancy

A

Enlarged lobules

Acini are dilated

Epithelium vary from cuboidal to low columnar

47
Q

What is colostrum?

A

Protein rich fluid, available few days after birth

Rich in maternal antibodies

48
Q

Describe the histology of the lactating breast

A

Acini distended with milk

Thin septa between the lobules

At high magnification
-Acini with eosinophilic material containing clear vacuoles

Milk production

  • Suckling
  • Neurohormonal reflex
  • Prolactin and oxytocin
49
Q

What are the daignostic methods for the breast?

A

Imaging:

  • Mammography
  • Ultrasound

Fine needle spiration cytology

Core biopsy

50
Q

What is the epidaemiology of breast cancer?

A

20% of all cancer in women

Commonest cause of death in women in 35-55 age group

In UK, any woman has a 1 in 9 chance of developing breast cancer

51
Q

Name the 4 types of benign breast tumours

A

Fibroadenomas

Duct papillomas

Adenomas

Connective tissue tumours

52
Q

What is Paget’s disease of the nipple?

A

Erosion of the nipple resembling eczema

Association with ductal or invasive carcinoma

aanatomy (20 decks)

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