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Pathology > Upper Gastrointestinal Disease > Flashcards

Upper Gastrointestinal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What organs make up the upper GI tract?

A

Oesophagus, stomach, intestines

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2
Q

What is Chronic Gastritis?

A

Ongoing inflammation of the stomach mucosa

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3
Q

What are the symptoms compared to acute gastritis?

A

Less sever but more persistent

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4
Q

What environment can Chronic Gastritis provide?

A

Dysplasia and carcinoma to arise

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of Chronic Gastritis?

A

Upper abdo pain, indigestion or bloating, N/V, belching, loss of appetite or weight

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6
Q

Can Chronic Gastritis be asymptomatic?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are the causes for Chronic Gastritis?

A

A - Autoimmune
B - Bacteria (H.Pylori)
C- Chemical
Psychological stress

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8
Q

What is H.Pylori?

A

Gram neg bacteria found in stomach, antrum

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9
Q

Where is H.Pylori acquired from?

A

Faecal-oral route

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10
Q

What conditions is H.Pylori associated with?

A

Gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers and cancer

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11
Q

What is Peptic Ulcer Disease and where does it occur?

A

Occurs in D1 and antrum, ulcer in stomach

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12
Q

What is the reasoning for Peptic Ulcers?

A

H.Pylori and NSAIDs

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Peptic Ulcers?

A

Pain, worse at night and after meals

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14
Q

What are the complications of Peptic Ulcers?

A

Bleeding resulting in anaemia, massive haematemesis, peritonitis, cancer

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15
Q

What is the normal lining of the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

What happens to the lining of the oesophagus in Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A

SSE replaced by columnar epithelium with goblet cells

17
Q

What is Barrett’s Oesophagus thought to be adapted from?

A

Chronic acid exposure from reflux

18
Q

What process is involved with Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A

Process of dysplasia

19
Q

What is the strong malignant association with Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma

20
Q

What type of cancer is associated with the Oesophagus?

A

Squamous carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma (Barretts)

21
Q

What type of cancer is associated with the Stomach?

A

Adenocarcinoma, GI stromal tumours

22
Q

What type of cancer is associated with the Small Bowel?

A

Lymphoma, GI stromal tumours, Neuroendocrine

23
Q

What are the risk factors with Oesophageal Squamous Carcinoma?

A

Alcohol, tobacco, injury, achalasia

24
Q

What are the symptoms of Oesophageal Squamous Carcinoma?

A

Dysphagia, weight loss, haemorrhage, sepsis

25
Q

What are the symptoms for Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma?

A

Dysphagia, weight loss, haematemesis, chest pain, vomitting

26
Q

How can Oesophageal carcinoma spread?

A

Direct - surrounding
Lymphatic - e.g cervical
Haematogenous - e.g liver and lung

27
Q

What is the cause for 90% of gastric malignancies?

A

Adenocarcinoma

28
Q

What are the precursor lesions with Stomach Adenocarcinoma?

A

Anaemia, mets, polyps, helicobacter associated gastritis

29
Q

What are the symptoms of Stomach Adenocarcinoma ?

A

Weight loss, anorexia, anaemia, heamorrage, fungating growth

30
Q

Where can Stomach Adenocarcinoma directly infiltrate to?

A

Duodenum, pancreas, colon, liver, spleen

31
Q

Where can Stomach Adenocarcinoma lymphatically spread?

A

Local and regional areas, virchows node

32
Q

What cancer is relatively rare compared to other GI malignancy?

A

Small bowel neoplasia

33
Q

What are the risk factors for Small Bowel Neoplasia?

A

Crohn’s, Coeliac, Radition, Hereditary

34
Q

What is Coeliac disease?

A

Extensive mucosal disease related to sensitivity to gluten

35
Q

How can Coeliac be diagnosed?

A

Blood test (TTG) and biopsy

36
Q

What are the symptoms for Coelic disease?

A

Pain, constipation/diarrhoea, fail to thrive, anaemia, fatigue

37
Q

What can Coelic disease lead to an increased risk of?

A

Adenocarcinoma and lymphoma of the small bowel

Pathology (15 decks)

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