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Pathology > Heart and the Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Heart and the Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiac failure?

A

Blood not pumped adequately to organs, Heart cannot provide at rate.

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2
Q

What are the causes of cardiac failure?

A

Ischemia, heart disease, hypertension, arrhythmias, congenital

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3
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cardiac failure?

A

SOB, fatigue, peripheral and pulmonary oedema

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4
Q

What is the classification and treatment of cardiac failure?

A

Acute/Chronic, Left/Right, treat underlying cause, medications

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5
Q

What is valvular heart disease?

A

Disease process because of heart valve

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6
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Failure for the valve to open completely, impending flow

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7
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

Failure for the valve to close, allowing reverse flow

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8
Q

What is vegetations?

A

Abnormal tissue growth on valve

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9
Q

What is the cause of valvular disease?

A

Infection, age, fibrosis, MI, HF, hypertension, congenital, IV drug use

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10
Q

What are the Symptoms on valvular disease?

A

Stroke, arrhythmias, hypertrophy, angina, fainting, HF

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11
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A

The lining of the inner heart is infected/inflamed

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12
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of endocarditis?

A

Infective symptoms, sepsis, HF, heart murmur

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13
Q

What is pericarditis and myocarditis?

A

Pericarditis - Outside, Myocarditis - Muscle Inflamed

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14
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of peridcarditis and myocarditis?

A

Bacterial, viral, parasite, TB, cancer, MI, radiation

Chest pain + HF

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15
Q

What is the treatment for pericarditis and myocarditis?

A

NSAIDS + surgical excision

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16
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiac?

A

Heavy, muscular, abnormal diastolic filling, common cause of hypertension

17
Q

What are signs and symptoms of hypertrophic cardiac?

A

SOB, pain, palpitations, black out, sudden death, atrial fibrillation

18
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Localised permanent abnormal dilation of a blood vessel

19
Q

What are the causes of aneurysm?

A

Age, atherosclerosis, ischemia, hypertension, inflammation, diabetes, autoimmune, bacteria, endocarditis, fungus, marfans syndrome, syphilis

20
Q

What is high blood pressure?

A

Blood vessels contracting at more than 120/80

21
Q

What is the risk of high blood pressure?

A

Genetics, diet, lifestyle, weight, smoking

22
Q

What is secondary high blood pressure?

A

Renal, endocrine, vascular, neurogenetic

23
Q

What is diabetic vascular disease?

A

Damage to vessels, kidneys, nerves and retinas

24
Q

What are the complications of diabetic vascular disease?

A

Gangrene, renal failure, blindness - effective control reduces risk

25
Q

What is venous thrombosis?

A

DVT - Venous impended

26
Q

What are the causes of DVT?

A

Mobility, pregnant, oestrogens, IV, risk of PE

27
Q

What is varicosities?

A

Twisted, enlarged veins at the skin surface, caused by incompetent valves, oedema, fibrin around veins, ulceration

28
Q

What is atheroma?

A

The build up of fatty acids/ material of artery

29
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The progressive narrowing and hardening within an artery

30
Q

What are the clinical atherosclerosis?

A

Coronary artery - MI/angina
Aorta - Aneurysm
Cardioid - Narrowing causing strokes
Peripheral vascular disease

31
Q

What is ischemic heart disease?

A

Imbalance between supply and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood

32
Q

What are the cause of ischemic heart disease?

A

Lack of flow and oxygen, atheroma, emobilsm, spasm, demand for oxygen

33
Q

What are the risk factors of ischemic heart disease?

A

Family history, age, male, genetics.

Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, lack of exercise, alcohol

Pathology (15 decks)

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