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Pathology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Multiple organs, highly integrated, secrete hormones

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2
Q

What are the endocrine diseases?

A

Underproduction, overproduction, mass lesions

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3
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Located in the brain, links CNS to endocrine

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4
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone and Oxytocin

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5
Q

Where is every other hormone secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary

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6
Q

What does Oxytocin do?

A

Uterus contraction

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7
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Absorption of water from urine

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8
Q

What does Hyperpituitarism-related pituitary disease relate to?

A

Adenomas in anterior lobe, other causes cancer, hyperplasia

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9
Q

What does Hypopituitarism-related pituitary disease relate to?

A

Injury, surgey, radiation, inflammation

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10
Q

What are the two types of Pituitary Adenoma?

A

Functional - prolcactinoma

Non-functional

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11
Q

What syndrome does ACTH relate to?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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12
Q

What syndrome does Growth Hormone relate to?

A

Giantism, Acromegaly

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13
Q

What syndrome does Prolactin relate to?

A

Galactorrhea/Amenorrhea, sexual dysfunction, infertility

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14
Q

What syndrome does TSH relate to?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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15
Q

What syndrome does FSH/LH relate to?

A

Hypogonadism, mass effects/hypopituirarism

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16
Q

What does Hypopituitarism occur with a loss of?

A

75% or more of the anterior pituitary parenchyma

17
Q

What are the causes of Hypopituitarism?

A

Ischemic necrosis of the pituitary: Sheehans syndrome
Non-functioning adenomas
Surgery/Irradiation
Inflammatory lesion

18
Q

What are the causes hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease, thyroxine, infective (De Quervain’s thyroiditis)
Toxic (multinodular goite, adenoma)

19
Q

What are the symptoms Hyperthyroidism?

A

Hot, bulging eyes, facial flushing, tachycardia, hypertension, breast enlargement, weight loss, muscle wasting, tremors, finger clubbing, diarrhoea, menstrual changes

20
Q

What does Graves disease involve?

A

Proptosis - eye bulging

21
Q

Why does Graves disease happen?

A

Unregulated over production of thyroid hormone

22
Q

How do you manage Hyperthyroidism?

A

Tests, treat the cause, Carbimazole/Propylthiouracil, radioiodine, thyroidectomy

23
Q

What is Goitre?

A

Swelling of thyroid gland

24
Q

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland
Women > men
45 - 60 years old

25
Q

What is the management of Hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroxine

26
Q

What is the most common type of Thyroid cancer and is it common?

A

Papillary carcinoma and uncommon

27
Q

What Papillary thyroid cancer functional or non-functional?

A

Non-functional

28
Q

What are the Parathyroid gland?

A

2 pairs of Parathyroid gland

29
Q

What are the causes of Hypoparathyrodism?

A

Removal of surgery, congenital, hereditary

30
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism?

A

Irritability, tetany, seizures

31
Q

What are symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism?

A

Constipation, depression, seizures, muscle wasting, polyuria, bone fractures, kidney stones

32
Q

What is Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

A

Conn’s Disease

33
Q

What is Secondary Hyperaldosteronsim?

A

High renin

34
Q

What are the symptoms of Conn’s Disease?

A

Oedema, hypertension, high sodium, low potassium

35
Q

Why is Cotisol important?

A

Essential to life, regulates blood sugar, inhibits inflammation, stress response

36
Q

What are the two reasons for Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

ACTH releasing tumour, steroids

37
Q

What are the three causes for Addisons disease?

A

Autoimmune, infection, neoplasms

38
Q

What are the symptoms of Addisons disease?

A

GI symptoms, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, low sodium, high potassium

39
Q

What are the symptoms of Phaeochromocytoma?

A

Hypertension, sweating, palpitations, nervousness, increased metabolic ration, rapid heart rate

Pathology (15 decks)

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