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Pathology > Respiratory Non-Neoplastic > Flashcards

Respiratory Non-Neoplastic Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection of the upper airways?

A

Acute inflammatory process, affecting mucous membranes of the respiratory tract

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2
Q

What are some infections of the upper airways?

A

Rhinitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of upper airway infections?

A

Malaise, headache, sore throat, discharge

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4
Q

What is an infection of the lower airways (Pneumonia)?

A

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma

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5
Q

What are the causes of lower airway infections (Pneumonia)?

A

Infectious agents inhaled causes chest wall trauma

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6
Q

What are the categories of different pneumonia ?

A

Community, hospital, aspiration

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7
Q

What are the clinical features of Pneumonia?

A

Fever, rigours, SOB, chest pain, purulent sputum, cough

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8
Q

What is the morphology of Pneumonia?

A

Lobar (one lobe), bronchopneumonia( both), interstitial

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9
Q

What is community acquired Pneumonia?

A

Common - especially in elderly

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10
Q

What is the bacteria involved in community Pneumonia?

A

Strep. pneumoniae, staph aureus

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11
Q

Is community acquired Pneumonia lobar or bronchopneumonia?

A

Can be both

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12
Q

What is hospital acquired Pneumonia?

A

Any Pneumonia at least 48-72 hours after admission

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13
Q

What is the bacteria involved in hospital Pneumonia?

A

Gram neg bacilli and staph aureus

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14
Q

Why is hospital acquired Pneumonia serious?

A

As is can be fatal - most common cause of death in ICU

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of Pneumonia?

A

Fever, increased WBC, cough with sputum, chest x-ray

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16
Q

What is aspiration Pneumonia?

A

Inhalation of foreign material

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17
Q

Who is at risk of developing aspiration Pneumonia?

A

Elderly, stroke, dementia, anaesthetic

18
Q

What lobes does aspiration Pneumonia effect?

A

Right middle and right lower

19
Q

What is an obstructive disease?

A

Partial or complete obstruction

20
Q

What is an restrictive disease

A

Decreased lung capacity

21
Q

What are some obstructive diseases?

A

Asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis

22
Q

What is COPD emphysema?

A

Irreversible enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, related strongly to smoking

23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of COPD emphysema?

A

Chronic inflammation throughout airways, imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants

24
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of COPD emphysema?

A

Dyspnoea, cough, weezing, weight loss

25
Q

What is COPD chronic bronchitis?

A

Persistent cough with sputum for over 2 years, 3 months per year

26
Q

What could be the cause of COPD bronchitis?

A

Long standing irritation - smoking
Hypertropy
Mucus in small airways

27
Q

What is the morphology of COPD chronic bronchitis?

A

Mucus membrane swelling, mucus, and mucus plugging

28
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of airways

29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?

A

Wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, cough

30
Q

What is the morphology of Asthma?

A

Lung over inflation, thick mucus plugs, airway remodelling

31
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Permanent destruction and dilation of the airways

32
Q

What is the morphology of bronchiectasis?

A

Dilated, inflamed airways

33
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

Blockage of a main or branch pulmonary artery by an embolus

34
Q

What are the usual source of emboli?

A

Deep venous thrombi (95%)

35
Q

What are the clinical signs of PE?

A

Chest pain, SOB, hypoxia, sudden death

36
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lung

37
Q

What is the morphology of pulmonary oedema?

A

Fluid in basal regions, engorged alveolar capillaries, heavy wet lungs

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of pulmonary oedema?

A

SOB, pink frothy sputum, CXR findings

39
Q

What are the Type1 - Hypoxia with normal or low PCO2?

A

Pneumonia, PE, asthma, pulmonary oedema, pulmonary fibrosis

40
Q

What are the Type11-Hypoxia with high PCO2?

A

Asthma, COPD, reduced resp drive, neuromuscular disease, thoracic wall disease

Pathology (15 decks)

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