Respiratory Non-Neoplastic

Question 1

What is an infection of the upper airways?

Answer 1

Acute inflammatory process, affecting mucous membranes of the respiratory tract

Question 2

What are some infections of the upper airways?

Answer 2

Rhinitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis

Question 3

What are the symptoms of upper airway infections?

Answer 3

Malaise, headache, sore throat, discharge

Question 4

What is an infection of the lower airways (Pneumonia)?

Answer 4

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma

Question 5

What are the causes of lower airway infections (Pneumonia)?

Answer 5

Infectious agents inhaled causes chest wall trauma

Question 6

What are the categories of different pneumonia ?

Answer 6

Community, hospital, aspiration

Question 7

What are the clinical features of Pneumonia?

Answer 7

Fever, rigours, SOB, chest pain, purulent sputum, cough

Question 8

What is the morphology of Pneumonia?

Answer 8

Lobar (one lobe), bronchopneumonia( both), interstitial

Question 9

What is community acquired Pneumonia?

Answer 9

Common - especially in elderly

Question 10

What is the bacteria involved in community Pneumonia?

Answer 10

Strep. pneumoniae, staph aureus

Question 11

Is community acquired Pneumonia lobar or bronchopneumonia?

Answer 11

Can be both

Question 12

What is hospital acquired Pneumonia?

Answer 12

Any Pneumonia at least 48-72 hours after admission

Question 13

What is the bacteria involved in hospital Pneumonia?

Answer 13

Gram neg bacilli and staph aureus

Question 14

Why is hospital acquired Pneumonia serious?

Answer 14

As is can be fatal - most common cause of death in ICU

Question 15

What are the symptoms of Pneumonia?

Answer 15

Fever, increased WBC, cough with sputum, chest x-ray

Question 16

What is aspiration Pneumonia?

Answer 16

Inhalation of foreign material

Question 17

Who is at risk of developing aspiration Pneumonia?

Answer 17

Elderly, stroke, dementia, anaesthetic

Question 18

What lobes does aspiration Pneumonia effect?

Answer 18

Right middle and right lower

Question 19

What is an obstructive disease?

Answer 19

Partial or complete obstruction

Question 20

What is an restrictive disease

Answer 20

Decreased lung capacity

Question 21

What are some obstructive diseases?

Answer 21

Asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis

Question 22

What is COPD emphysema?

Answer 22

Irreversible enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, related strongly to smoking

Question 23

What is the pathogenesis of COPD emphysema?

Answer 23

Chronic inflammation throughout airways, imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants

Question 24

What are the clinical symptoms of COPD emphysema?

Answer 24

Dyspnoea, cough, weezing, weight loss

Question 25

What is COPD chronic bronchitis?

Answer 25

Persistent cough with sputum for over 2 years, 3 months per year

Question 26

What could be the cause of COPD bronchitis?

Answer 26

Long standing irritation - smoking Hypertropy Mucus in small airways

Question 27

What is the morphology of COPD chronic bronchitis?

Answer 27

Mucus membrane swelling, mucus, and mucus plugging

Question 28

What is asthma?

Answer 28

Chronic inflammatory disorder of airways

Question 29

What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?

Answer 29

Wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, cough

Question 30

What is the morphology of Asthma?

Answer 30

Lung over inflation, thick mucus plugs, airway remodelling

Question 31

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 31

Permanent destruction and dilation of the airways

Question 32

What is the morphology of bronchiectasis?

Answer 32

Dilated, inflamed airways

Question 33

What is a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 33

Blockage of a main or branch pulmonary artery by an embolus

Question 34

What are the usual source of emboli?

Answer 34

Deep venous thrombi (95%)

Question 35

What are the clinical signs of PE?

Answer 35

Chest pain, SOB, hypoxia, sudden death

Question 36

What is pulmonary oedema?

Answer 36

Accumulation of fluid in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lung

Question 37

What is the morphology of pulmonary oedema?

Answer 37

Fluid in basal regions, engorged alveolar capillaries, heavy wet lungs

Question 38

What are the clinical signs of pulmonary oedema?

Answer 38

SOB, pink frothy sputum, CXR findings

Question 39

What are the Type1 - Hypoxia with normal or low PCO2?

Answer 39

Pneumonia, PE, asthma, pulmonary oedema, pulmonary fibrosis

Question 40

What are the Type11-Hypoxia with high PCO2?

Answer 40

Asthma, COPD, reduced resp drive, neuromuscular disease, thoracic wall disease