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Pathology > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Deficiency of insulin and resistance to effects of insulin

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2
Q

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Deficiency of anti-diuretic hormone

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3
Q

What is insulin?

A

Peptide hormone, 51 amino acids, produced in ß-cells in pancreas

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4
Q

What does insulin regulate?

A

Glucose uptake and metabolism

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5
Q

What cells require insulin to absorb glucose?

A

Skeletal muscle cells and fat cells

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6
Q

What does not require insulin to absorb glucose?

A

Neurons and a variety of other cells

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7
Q

Why do skeletal and fat cells require glucose but neurons and others don’t?

A

Can accumulate large carbohydrate reserves

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8
Q

What is the action of Insulin?

A

Uptake glucose and amino acids by cells, glycogen synthesis

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9
Q

What is the control release of insulin?

A

Mainly direct feedback, ß-cells absorb glucose by GLUT2
Some autonomic control
Released from cholecystokinin

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10
Q

What are the acute consequences of insulin deficiency?

A

Hyperglycaemia, ketosis, acidosis, hyperosmolar state

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11
Q

What are the chronic consequences of insulin deficiency?

A

Cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy

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12
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1?

A

Autoimmune destruction of ß-cells, trigged by infection, susceptible on HLA gene

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13
Q

When does Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 typically start?

A

Childhood, though can start in adult

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14
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus type 2?

A

Insulin resistance, ß-cells response to glucose delayed/absent

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15
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus 2 associated with?

A

Lifestyle

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16
Q

What is Gestational Diabetes?

A

Genetic, insulin resistance triggered by hormonal changed

17
Q

When is Gestational Diabetes resolved?

A

With delivery

18
Q

What are the risk factors of Gestational Diabetes?

A

Maternal age, family history of DM2, African/North American, previous gestational diabetes, previous baby over 4kg, smoking

19
Q

What are the dangers to the mother with Gestational Diabetes?

A

Risk of DM2, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, obstructed labour

20
Q

What are the dangers to the child with Gestational Diabetes?

A

Risk of DM2, risk of obesity, mactosomia, neonatal hypoglycaemia, neonatal jaundice, respiratory distress

21
Q

What conditions can lead to Secondary Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic surgery, haemachromatosis

22
Q

What drug related conditions can lead to Secondary Diabetes?

A

Endocrine - Cushings

Drug therapy - Corticosteriods

23
Q

What are the symptoms for Diabetes Mellitus Type 1?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, hunger, weight loss

24
Q

What is Polyuria?

A

Increased urine output and polydipsia (increased thirst)

25
Q

What is the biochemical diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Fasting glucose - 7mmol
Oral glucose - 11.1mmol
Random glucose- 11.1mmol

26
Q

What happens in an acute presentation of Diabetes Mellitus? (K)

A

Ketoacidosis - Breakdown of fat and protein released ketones and acids in to blood

27
Q

What can Acute Ketoacidosis result in?

A

Come and death

28
Q

What is Acute Hyperosmolar Nonketotic state and what can it lead to?

A

Sever dehydration, DM2, coma and death

29
Q

What is Acute Hypoglycaemia and what can it lead to?

A

Insulin overdose, coma and death

30
Q

What is Acute Diabetic foot and what can it lead to?

A

Can lead to generalised sepsis and death

31
Q

What is Chronic Macrovascular Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease

32
Q

What is Chronic Microvascular Diabetes Melitus?

A

Retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy

33
Q

What other chronic eye condition can happen to Diabetes Mellitus patients?

A

Cataract

34
Q

What is Diabetic Retinopathy?

A

Proliferation of blood vessels in retina, macular oedema

35
Q

What can happen with Hyperglycaemia to the eye?

A

Visual disturbance

36
Q

What is Diabetic Neuropathy?

A

Microangiopathy of vasa nervosum, numbness, pain, weakness

37
Q

What are the symptoms associated with Diabetic Neuropathy?

A

Vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, impotence, incontinence, anorgasmia, hypotension

Pathology (15 decks)

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