Unit Part 3 Flashcards
What did Jean Piaget Study?
studied children’s cognitive development
What did Jean Piaget emphasize?
Emphasized how child’s mind grows through interaction with physical environment
assimilation
Interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schema
accommodation
Adapting our current schema to incorporate new information
How many stages did Paiget believe that children progressed through?
4
What are the stages that Piaget believed in?
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
What is the Sensorimotor stage and when does it start?
ages 0-2 (infancy to toddler). They develop object permanence (awareness that things continue to exist when they are not perceived) They also have a sense of math and physics
example of sensorimotor stage
understanding peek-a-boo or knowing that there is an object even when object is covered
What is the Preoperational stage and when does it start?
ages 2-6. Young children can represent things with words and images, but they’re too young to perform mental operations like reasoning with logic.
They gain proficiency in mental symbols, engage in pretend play, and exhibit animism, egocentrism, and theory of mind.
animism
belief that inanimate objects are alive/lifelike
egocentrism
difficulty perceiving things from another person’s point of view/perspective
theory of mind
Awareness of one’s own and others’ mental states & behaviors these may predict
what does a child lack in the preoperational stage?
mental operations like reversibility and conservation
reversibility
reversed sequence or returning state to original
conservation
Recognition that the quantity of a substance remains same despite changes in shape, container, etc.
What is the Concrete Operational stage and when does it start?
ages 6-12. they generally correct cognitive errors of preoperational stage. They understand the world in logical, realistic, straightforward ways and struggle to think systematically.
What is the Formal Operational stage and when does it start?
ages 12 and up. They gain the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically. They also gain deductive reasoning.
What did Lev Vygostky study?
He studied children’s cognitive development in a socio-cultural environment.
What was Lev Vygostky’s approach?
Children are social learners
Learn through interacting with other people within sociocultural contexts
Language is important influence
What is the Zone of Proximal Development? (ZPD)
The set of skills or knowledge a child/ student can’t do on their own but can do with the help or guidance of someone else
Scaffolding
temporary support for children to step up in their development
Crystallized Intelligence
(accumulation of knowledge and experience) - remains relatively stable throughout adulthood
Fluid Intelligence
(capacity to reason, learn new information) -
tends to wane with age
Dementia
general cognitive disorder that impairs memory, cognition, and decision-making (caused by many different diseases
Alzheimer’s
specific type of dementia
Language
mutually agreed upon system of arbitrary symbols that can generate or produce ideas
What are symbols in language?
Phoneme and Morphemes
what is a phoneme?
basic unit of sound
what is a morpheme
smallest unit in a word that carries meaning
What are the rules of language?
grammar, syntax, and semantics
What are the stages of language development?
Cooing, babbling, one-word stage. telegraphic speech
cooing
soft, vowel-like sounds babies make when they’re happy or content
babbling
repetitive, consonant-like sounds from native language, develops around 6 months; important for developing phonemes
one-word stage
child uses single word that can still convey complex meaning (10-18 months)
telegraphic speech
first multi-word speech, 2-3 words, (18-30 months)
Overgeneralization
common error where child overgeneralizes a language rule and uses it incorrectly
what is critical/sensitive period?
Important for any language development (remember Genie the Wild Child) but also important for second language development
Who is Noam Chomsky?
he is the father of modern linguistics.
What did Noam Chomsky believe?
He believed that language is in our nature and that Infants are biologically pre-wired for language
what is social-emotional?
ability to manage feelings, form relationships, and learn from others
What did Urie Bronfenbrenner believe?
different environments we encounter affect our cognitive, social, and biological development.
Attachment
An emotional tie with another person; survival technique to keep caregivers close
What does attachment look like?
When young children seek closeness with their caregiver and show distress upon separation.
When do attachment bonds form?
During sensitive periods; some from the moment of birth!
What was the Harlows’ experiments?
They experimented on baby monkeys with attachment.
What did the Harlows’ experiments prove?
proved that attachment was based more on comfort than nourishment
who is Mary Ainsworth?
she studied how babies interacted with and without their mothers in a laboratory setting to study their attachment to their caregiver.
What did Mary Ainsworth create?
the strange situation
What did the strange situation lead to?
classification of different attachment styles
what are the different types of attatchment?
secure attachment
insecure attachment: anxious, avoidant, disorganized
what is secure attachment?
- infants comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver
- temporary distress when the caregiver leaves (related to object permanence as well)
- find comfort in the caregiver’s return
what is anxious behavior?
child is deeply distressed with caregiver leaves and clingy, resentful when they return. Nervous to explore even with caregiver present.
what is avoidant behavior?
child ignores or avoids caregiver, no reaction with caregiver leaves, little exploration no matter who is present, treats strangers no different than caregivers.
what is disorganized behavior?
no consistent behavior regarding separations and reunions
what does secure attachment lead to?
Leads to child/adult that is socially competent (form good relationships, can socialize well with others), well adjusted
what does insecure attachments lead to?
Leads to child/adult that may struggle with relationships, socialization (constantly crave attention or experience discomfort with getting too close to people)
what is temperament?
a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
what is the authoritarian parenting style?
- coercive parents
- impose rules and expect blind obedience
- do not often offer explanations or discussion
how does the authoritarian parenting style impact a child?
less confidence, less social skills, overreact at mistakes
what is the authoratative parenting style?
- confrontive parents
- demanding, but also responsive
- set rules, but also have discussions and exceptions
how does the authuratative parenting style impact a child?
highest self-esteem, self-reliance, social competence
what is the permissive parenting style?
- unrestrained parents
- few demands, limits, and little punishment
how does the permissive parenting style impact a child?
immature and more aggressive, reckless
what is the negligent parenting style?
- uninvolved parents
- neither demanding nor responsive; seek no close relationship with children
how does the negligent parenting style impact a child?
poor academic and social outcomes
what are adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
are considered stressful or traumatic events that occur in the first 18 years of someone’s life
what behaviors are adverse childhood experiences?
Deprivation of attachment, lack of stimulation as an infant
what plays a huge role in parenting styles, attachment styles, and what is considered an ACE
culture
what do Children begin engaging in peer relationships early on
through pretend and parallel play
what do adolescents gradually rely more and more on?
peer relationships
what continues to develop here?
egocentrism
what is imaginary audience?
intense awareness and imagination about what others are thinking of them
what is personal fable?
belief that they are unique and special and invulnerable (won’t fall into what happens to everyone else)
what plays a role in determining when adulthood begins and when major life events occur
culture
what is the social-clock?
culturally-influenced timing of life events like marriage, parenthood, retirement (when’s the “right time” to do these things)
what is emerging childhood?
transition period in many Western cultures where a person is not an adolescent but not a fully independent adult (18 years to mid-twenties)
what is adult attachment often influenced by?
childhood attachment style
who is Erik Erikson?
he is a psychologist who says that each stage of life has its own psychological task –a crisis that needs resolution
what sis Erik Erikson build his theory upon?
Freud’s psychosexual stages
What did Erik Erikson’s stages describe?
the issue or debate that people encounter at each stage of life
what is the age, issue, and task of infancy?
to 1 year, trust vs. mistrust, If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.
what is the age, issue, and task of toddlerhood?
1 to 3 years, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.
what is the age, issue, and task of preschool?
3 to 6 years, initiative vs. guilt, Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent.
what is the age, issue, and task of elementary school?
6 years to puberty, competence vs. inferiority, Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.
what is the age, issue, and task of adolescence?
teen years into 20s, indentity vs. role confusion, Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.
what is the age, issue, and task of young adulthood?
20s to early 40s, intimacy vs. stagnation, Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.
what is the age, issue, and task of middle adulthood?
40s to 60s, generativity vs. stagnation, Middle-aged people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.
what is the age, issue, and task of late adulthood?
late 60s and up, integrity vs. despair, Reflecting on their lives, older adults may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.
what is identity?
a collection of many separate components
what occupies one or more of four identity statuses (states) at least temporarily
adolescents
what is identity diffusion and if they have commitment and/or exploration/crisis
The adolescent has not committed to an identity and is not searching/not exploring possible identities. no commitment or exploration/crisis
what is identity foreclosure and if they have commitment and/or exploration/crisis
The adolescent has committed to an identity and has not searched/explored possible identities. Often an identity provided by a family member or significant other is blindly accepted. yes commitment, no exploration/crisis
what is identity moratorium and if they have commitment and/or exploration/crisis
The adolescent has not committed to an identity but is actively searching/exploring possible identities. no commitment, yes exploration/crisis
what is identity achievement and if they have commitment and/or exploration/crisis
The adolescent has committed to an identity and continues to search/explore actively to refine their identity. Identity achievement is correlated with the positive benefits of high self-esteem, achievement motivation, and emotional stability. yes to both commitment and exploration/crisis
