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AP Psychology > Unit 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

proximity

A

Grouping

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2
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

narrow the available solutions to determine the best one

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3
Q

Schemas

A

helps organize and interpret information

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4
Q

Gambler’s Fallacy

A

belief that probability of an event will change after a series of outcomes

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5
Q

Heuristics

A

simple thinking strategies (mental shortcuts) that allow us to solve problems/make judgments efficiently

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6
Q

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

A

sticking to the original plan because you’ve already invested time (even though new plan would save time)

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7
Q

retinal disparity

A

each retina receives slightly different image the brain “calculates” depth by comparing the image on each retina; greater disparity = closer the object (ex. 3D movies use same principle)

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8
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

processing beginning with higher-level mental processes, like experience or expectations

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9
Q

Relative Clarity

A

nearby objects appear sharp and clear, far objects appear hazy, blurry

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10
Q

Memory

A

Information that has been acquired, stored, and can be retrieved

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11
Q

Binocular Cues

A

depth perception that uses information transmitted to both eyes

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12
Q

Creativity

A

the ability to generate novel (new) ideas

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13
Q

Concepts

A

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

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14
Q

Texture Gradient

A

closer view will reveal greater texture and detail

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15
Q

Linear Perspective

A

sharper the angle of two lines meeting, greater perceived distance is; objects placed closer to convergence tend to be farther away

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16
Q

Apparent Motion

A

ability to perceive motion when objects are not actually moving

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17
Q

Visual Perceptual Constancies

A

Ability to perceive objects as unchanging even when retinal images change

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18
Q

Priming

A

the activation of certain associations (will influence decision making)

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19
Q

What are the Gestalt Principles?

A

Closure, similarity, figure-ground, proximity

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20
Q

Schemas

A

conceptual frameworks for understanding our experiences; organizes and interprets information (like folders of information in our mind)

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21
Q

Central Executive

A

coordinates focused processing (selective attention)

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22
Q

Phonological Loop

A

briefly holds auditory information

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23
Q

Monocular Cues

A

depth perception that uses information from a flat or two-dimensional surface (or far away images) to give the illusion of depth (works on either eye alone)

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24
Q

Selective Attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

25
Q

perception

A

how we interpret environmental stimuli

26
Q

Multi-Store Model

A

information-processing model

27
Q

Interposition

A

objects that obstruct our view of other objects tend to be closer

28
Q

Attention

A

interaction of sensation and perception

29
Q

Executive Functioning

A

ability to generate, organize, plan, and carry-out goal-oriented behavior (critical thinking)

30
Q

Storing

A

retain the information in our brain

31
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

frequent activation increases strength of neural connections

32
Q

Similarity

A

Group objects based on how similar they are

33
Q

Representative Heuristics

A

using prior expectations/experience to make judgement or solve problem

34
Q

Grouping

A

group nearby figures together

35
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

the ability to pay attention to one voice at a time

36
Q

Mental Set

A

using prior experiences (esp successful ones) tendency to approach problem the same way that’s worked in the past

37
Q

Framing

A

the way an issue is presented

38
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

perceptual tendencies for visual organization - humans group elements, recognize patterns, and simplify complex images to give meaning to sensations (can apply to other senses)

39
Q

Change Blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment (also applies to other senses: “change deafness”)

40
Q

Assimilation

A

taking in new information and fitting it into an existing schema

41
Q

Sensory Memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

42
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

briefly holds visual and spatial information

43
Q

Perceptual Set

A

mental predispositions (tendencies and assumptions) that influence what we perceive

44
Q

Closure

A

Fill in gaps to create complete object

45
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

judging an event based on the most vivid or first recalled example

46
Q

Relative Size

A

larger sized objects tend to be closer

47
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

inability to find creative solutions or see objects for uses other than your past experience tells you

48
Q

Encoding

A

get information into our brain

49
Q

Working Memory

A

newer understanding of short-term memory

50
Q

Retrieval

A

later get information back out from our brain

51
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

52
Q

Figure-ground

A

Objects (figures) that stand out from their surrounding (ground/background)

53
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

the relative permanent and limitless archive of the memory system

54
Q

Algorithm

A

logistical, methodical, systematic step-by-step procedure for solving problems - attempt all problems until solution is found

55
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

expanding the number of possible solutions

56
Q

Accommodation

A

taking in new information and adjusting/adapting current schemas to incorporate it

57
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

processing beginning with sensory receptors (sensory systems detect lines, angles, colors, smells, tastes) work up to brain

58
Q

Prototypes

A

best example of a category (mental image we have)

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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