Final Exam Ap Psych Unit 2 Flashcards
What is the difference between perception and sensation?
Perception is how we interpret environmental stimuli whereas sensation is how we process environmental stimuli
What is bottom-up processing?
processing beginning with sensory receptors (sensory systems detect lines, angles, colors, smells, tastes) work up to brain
What is top-down processing?
processing beginning with higher-level mental processes
What is selective attention?
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
What is the cocktail party effect?
the ability to pay attention to one voice at a time
What is inattentional blindness?
failing to see visible objects when our attention is elsewhere
What is change blindness?
failure to notice changes in environment
What is choice blindness?
failing to notice a change in one’s conscious choices
What is perceptual set?
mental predispositions that influence what we perceive
What does the perceptual set affect?
top-down processing
What is a schema?
conceptual frameworks for understanding our experiences
What are context effects?
environmental or immediate contextual factors that impact perception
What is the Gestalt principle?
perceptual tendencies for visual organization
What is in the Gestalt principle?
closure, similarity, figure-ground, and proximity
What is figure-ground?
figures that stand out from their surroundings
What is the difference between binocular and monocular cues?
Binocular cues: depth perception that uses information transmitted to both eyes
Monocular cues: depth perception that uses information from a flat or two-dimensional surface to give the illusion of depth
What are the types of monocular cues?
relative size, linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative clarity
What is apparent movement?
ability to perceive motion when objects aren’t actually moving
What is metacognition?
thinking about thinking
What are prototypes?
the best example you can think of for a category
What is an example of a prototype?
when someone says dog and you think of a golden retriever
What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
Assimilation is when you are taking in new information and fitting it in a specific scheme.
Accommodation is when you are taking in new information and changing a current schema
What is the difference between convergent and divergent thinking?
Divergent thinking is when you are expanding the number of possible solutions.
Convergent thinking is when you narrow the available solutions and pick the best one
What is functional fixedness?
inability to find creative solutions are see objects for uses other than what your past experiences tells you
What is the difference between algorithm and heuristic?
an algorithm is having a step-by-step procedure on how to solve a problem.
a heuristic is taking short cuts to solve a problem
What is the sunk-cost fallacy?
sticking to the original plan because you’ve already put time into it
What is the gambler’s fallacy?
belief that probability of an event will change after a series of outcomes
How do you measure memory?
recall, recognition, relearning
What is long-term potentiation?
frequent activation increases strength of neural connections
What is the memory structure?
Encode - get information into our brain
Store - retain the information in our brain
Retrieve - later get information back out from our brain
What does the multi-store model do?
process information
What is in the multi-store model?
Gets stimuli, sensory memory, working/short-term memory, long-term memory
What are the components of working memory model?
Central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad
