Unit 4 Part 1 (4.1-4.3)

Question 1

what is prejudice?

Answer 1

“prejudgment” before you have the facts; unjustifiable

Question 2

what is an example of a dispositional attribution?

Answer 2

intelligence

Question 3

what is the self-serving bias?

Answer 3

tendency to see ourselves in the best light

Question 4

what is ethnocentrism?

Answer 4

the idea that your own group or culture is better or more important than others

Question 5

Explain how attribution theory applies to behavior and mental processes.

Answer 5

attribution theory explains how we explain behaviors and events

Question 6

what is attribution theory?

Answer 6

how people explain the behavior and mental processes of themselves and others

Question 7

what are types of explanatory styles?

Answer 7

optimistic and pessimistic styles

Question 8

what is downward social comparison?

Answer 8

comparing yourself to someone you perceive as “worse off” than you

Question 9

what is the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 9

tendency for observer to overestimate internal factors and underestimate external factors

Question 10

what is the just-world phenomenon?

Answer 10

belief that the world is fair and just; good actions are rewarded and bad actions are punished

Question 11

what is a explanatory style?

Answer 11

a person’s predictable pattern of attributions
How people tend to explain good and bad events in their lives and the lives of others

Question 12

what are the types of locus of control?

Answer 12

internal and external locus of control

Question 13

what is self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 13

a belief or expectation that causes its own fulfillment

Question 14

what is the difference between stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination?

Answer 14

Stereotype is the outcome of a cognitive process
Prejudice is a negative attitude.
Discrimination is a negative behavior.

Question 15

what is upward social comparison?

Answer 15

comparing yourself to someone you perceive as “better” in some way

Question 16

what is internal locus of control?

Answer 16

belief that we do have control over our lives and fate

Question 17

what is belief perseverance?

Answer 17

tendency to hold on to our beliefs even in the face of evidence to the contrary

Question 18

what is confirmation bias?

Answer 18

tendency to gather evidence (or believe evidence/source to be valid) only when it agrees with our previously held beliefs

Question 19

what are situational attributions?

Answer 19

attributing someone’s behavior to external circumstances out of their control

Question 20

what are dispositional attributions?

Answer 20

attributing someone’s behavior to their internal qualities

Question 21

types of social comparison

Answer 21

upward and downward

Question 22

what is relative deprivation?

Answer 22

the perception that we are worse off than those we compare ourselves to

Question 23

what is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 23

the mental discomfort we experience when our attitudes or actions conflict with each other

Question 24

what is external locus of control?

Answer 24

belief that outcomes are outside of our control

Question 25

what is actor-observor bias?

Answer 25

tendency to explain your own behavior as being externally influenced, but others’ same behaviors as being internally influences

Question 26

what is locus of control?

Answer 26

a person’s belief about how much control they have over their lives

Question 27

what is in-group bias?

Answer 27

tendency to favor members of your own group over those in the “out group”

Question 28

what is out-group homogeneity bias?

Answer 28

tendency to view members of a group you’re not a part of as being more similar to each other than you would view the members of a group you are a part of

Question 29

what is discrimination?

Answer 29

to act in negative, unjustifiable ways

Question 30

what is a stereotype?

Answer 30

generalized beliefs about groups of people

Question 31

what are implicit attitudes?

Answer 31

attitudes you hold but may not be aware of or may choose not to acknowledge

Question 32

what is mere exposure effect?

Answer 32

people are more likely to find a stimulus pleasing the more they are exposed to it

Question 33

what is bias?

Answer 33

preference for or against something

Question 34

what is social comparison?

Answer 34

a type of person perception when people evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to other people

Question 35

what is peripheral route persuasion?

Answer 35

people are influenced by incidental cues like attractiveness, relatability

Question 36

what is central route persuasion?

Answer 36

people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Question 37

what are the types of persuasion?

Answer 37

central and peripheral route persuasion

Question 38

what is the social-influence theory?

Answer 38

individuals can change their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors based on the influence of others around them

Question 39

what are the types of social influence theories?

Answer 39

normative and informational social influence theory

Question 40

what is normative social influence theory?

Answer 40

pressure to behave a certain way out of a desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Question 41

what is informational social influence theory?

Answer 41

pressure to behave a certain way out of a desire to be accurate

Question 42

what is the halo effect?

Answer 42

having one positive evaluation of a person (attractiveness) influences evaluations in other areas (intelligence)

Question 43

what is the foot-in-the-door technique?

Answer 43

people who have agreed to small requests likely to comply with larger requests later

Question 44

what is the door-in-the-face technique?

Answer 44

starting with a large, unreasonable request that elicits as “no” response; followed up by a more moderate request that someone is more likely to agree to

Question 45

what is conformity?

Answer 45

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Question 46

what is groupthink?

Answer 46

tendency of a group to come to a decision without considering alternatives or critically evaluating all options

Question 47

what is social loafing?

Answer 47

tendency to exert less effort when in a group than when alone; diminished feelings of accountability

Question 48

what is diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 48

diminished sense of your own responsibility when in a group setting

Question 49

what is deindividuation?

Answer 49

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Question 50

what is individualism?

Answer 50

cultural value that prioritizes personal goals and independence over group goals

Question 51

what is collectivism?

Answer 51

cultural orientation that prioritizes the group over the individual

Question 52

what is multiculturism?

Answer 52

society where different cultural groups have equal status and access to power, cultural identities, beliefs, practices are valued

Question 53

what is social facilitation?

Answer 53

when being in the presence of others improves individual performance

Question 54

what is group polarization?

Answer 54

beliefs and attitudes of the group grow stronger (more extreme) as it’s discussed with like-minded individuals

Question 55

what is altruism?

Answer 55

selfless behavior with regard for others

Question 56

what is the social responsibility norm?

Answer 56

expectation that you should help those who need help

Question 57

what is the bystander effect?

Answer 57

tendency for a bystander to be less likely to give help when others are present