Unit 4 Part 2 (4.4-4.7) Flashcards
regression
retreat to earlier, infantile stage of development
Humanistic Theory of Personality
our personality is shaped by our potential for healthy personal growth; striving for self-determination and self-actualization
projective tests
present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics
Yerkes-Dodson Law
performance on a task is highest at moderate levels of arousal
Instrinsic Motivation
engaging in a behavior because it is inherently rewarding
Homeostasis
maintaining stable internal environment
Instinct
complex, fixed patterns of organized, unlearned behavior
personality inventories
longer questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors, assess several traits at once
Superego
internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment
denial
protects person from things that are too painful to accept, either by rejecting a fact or its seriousness
Defense Mechanisms
ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconciously distorting reality
Extraversion
between retiring, sober, reserved and sociable, fun-loving, affectionate
Reciprocal Determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, environment, and individual
Repression
underlies all others; keeps anxiety-inducing thoughts, feelings, memories away from conciousness
Emotion
aka affect, complex process distinct from knowledge and reasoning
Structure of personality
Id, Ego, Superego
Approach-Approach Conflict
occurs when an individual must choose between two equally attractive options
personality
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
conciountiousness
between disorganizes, careless, impulsive and organized, careful, disciplined
Lewin’s Motivational Conflicts Theory
Lewin identified three types of motivational conflicts that arise when an individual faces competing goals or needs
Psychodynamic Theory
human behavior is a dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mind
What are the elements in psychological study of personality
theories and assessments
Drive-Reduction Theory
when need increases, so does our dirve to reduce it
______ changes as the ____ of a task changes
optimal level of arousal, difficulty
projection
disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Id
unconcious psychic energy that strives to statisfy basic drives to survive
What are the 5 major traits that makes up one’s personality?
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability) (OCEAN)
The Big Five Theory
expanded set of factors to test multiple dimensions of personality
self-esteem
the degree to which the characteristics and traits of your self-concept are positive
self-efficacy
an individual’s perception of their capability to perform in a given setting or to attain desired results
types of defense mechanisms
repression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation, denial
self-actualizating tendency
motivation to fulfill one’s potential
Arousal Theory
we all have an optimal level of arousal that we are trying to maintain as much as possible
neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability)
between calm, secure, self-satisfied and anxious, insecure, self-pitying
what influences the central tenant?
self-efficacy and self-esteem
Openness to experience
between practical, prefers routine, conforming and imaginative, prefers variety, independent
agreeableness
between ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative and soft-hearted, trusting, helpful
Broaden-and-Build Theory
Positive emotional experiences broaden awareness, encourage new actions and thoughts. Negative emotions reduce awareness and narrow thinking and action
Ego
concious part of personality and mediates demands of id, superego, and reality
sublimation
transformation of unaccceptable impulses into socially values motivations
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
sensory feedback to the brain from the muscles in your face can cause certain feelings
Display Rules
socially-learned standard for the expression of emotion
Factor Analysis
s statistical technique that idenitifies clusters or test items that tap basic components of a trait
What are the three types of motivational conflicts?
Approach-Approach Conflict, Approach-Avoidance Conflict, Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Social-Cognitive Theory
emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations
Extrinsic Motivation
engaging in an activity to earn external rewards or avoid punishment
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
occurs when an individual must choose between two equally unattractive options
Self-Determination Theory
continuum of external and internal factors of motivation
Unconditional (positive) regard
caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude
Sensation-Seeking Theory
tendency to sek out novel and intense experiences
rationalization
unconciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide real reasons for actions from ourselves
displacement
diverts sexual or aggressive impulses towards object/person that is more acceptable
central tenant
people seek to develop a sense of agency and exert control in their lives
reaction formation
ego unconciously makes unacceptable impulses like their opposite
What are the main categories of motivation?
Physical needs/desires, achievement, instinct, conflicts, sensation-seeking
trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a dispositions to feel or act in certain ways
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
occurs when a single choice has both positive and negative aspects
