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AP Psychology > 1.3 > Flashcards

1.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

a nerve cell

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2
Q

Glial cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect nuerons

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3
Q

Reflex Arc

A

a simple spinal feflex pathway

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4
Q

sensory nuerons

A

carry messages from the body to the brain/spinal cord about sensations we perceive (sensory)

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5
Q

Motor Neurons

A

carry messages from the brain/spinal cord to the body telling our body (skeletal muscles) to move (motor)

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6
Q

Internuerons

A

connect sensory and motor neurons (in the spinal cord of CNS)r

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7
Q

refractory period

A

pause between firings (action potential cannot occur)

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8
Q

resting potential

A

positive-outside/negative-inside state of a neuron

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9
Q

all-or-nothing principle

A

neuron will fire full strength or not at all

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10
Q

depolarization

A

loss of the positive-outside/negative-inside resting potential state

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11
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

disease where ACh is blocked and muscles cannot contract (causes weakness or paralysis)

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12
Q

Reuptake

A

when the neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by the sending neuron

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13
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

make action potential less likely

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14
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter

A

make action potential more likely

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15
Q

serotonin

A
  • Involved in mood regulation
  • Involved in sleep and arousal regulation
  • Involved in regulation of appetite and digestion
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16
Q

Serotonin (undersupply)

A
  • Linked with depression, but the mechanism is not fully understood
  • Linked with anxiety, worry, nervousness,
  • Linked with sleep difficulties
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17
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Major excitatory neurotransmitter
  • Makes it more likely for a neuron to fire
  • Increases brain activity
  • Involved in learning and memor
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18
Q

Endorphins

A
  • Regulates the perception of pain (acts as the brain’s natural opiates)
  • Enhances mood (feelings of euphoria and pleasure)
19
Q

Acetycholine

A
  • Enables movement (transmitted from motor neurons to muscles)- all movement involved ACh
  • Involved in learning and memory (many ACh receptors are in the hippocampus)
20
Q

dopamine

A

influences movement, learning, attention and emotion

21
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • Involved in promoting wakefulness, alertness, and arousal
  • Released in response to stress and helps initiate the fight or flight response
22
Q

GABA

A
  • Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • Makes it less likely for a neuron to fire
  • Reduces brain activity
23
Q

Substance P

A
  • Involved in the perception of pain (helps transmits pain signals from the body’s skin, muscle, and tissues to the central nervous system)
  • Plays a role in promoting inflammation in response to injury
24
Q

Hormones

A

internal, long-lasting

25
Q

Leptin

A

hunger (suppression)

26
Q

Melatonin

A

sleep

27
Q

Adrenaline

A

fight or flight

28
Q

Ghrelin

A

hunger (stimulation)

29
Q

Oxytocin

A

labor, lactation, love

30
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that affect the mind

31
Q

Agonist molecule

A

binds to receptor & encourages neural firing

32
Q

Reuptake inhibitors

A

block reabsorption of neurotransmitters back into sending neurons axon terminals

33
Q

Depressents

A

decrease neural activity

34
Q

Antagonist molecule

A

binds to receptor & blocks neurotransmitters, discourages neural firing

35
Q

stimulants

A

increase neural activity

36
Q

Stimulants examples

A

caffeine and cocaine

37
Q

Depressant example

A

alcohol

38
Q

Hallucinogens

A

cause distortions in perception and/or cognition

39
Q

Hallucinogens examples

A

Marijuana/THC

40
Q

Opioids

A

act as pain relievers

41
Q

Opioids example

A

heroin

42
Q

tolerance

A

brain attempts to restore balance, neurons and synapses change to accommodate increased activity or use of drug

43
Q

Withdrawal

A

verse symptoms associated with sudden drop in drug use

44
Q

Addiction

A

brain pathways of reward and reinforcement triggered by dopamine, synapses in prefrontal cortex are changed and decisions are focused on addictive drug behavior

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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