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AP Psychology > Unit 0 > Flashcards

Unit 0 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological

A

Focuses on how the biological processes of our body could impact our mind. (Mind-body connection) - combination of genes and environment

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2
Q

Evolutionary

A

How the natural selection of genes and traits affects the expression of behavior and mental processes to increase survival and reproduction

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3
Q

Cognitive

A

Studies thoughts and information processing - how do we encode, process, store, and retrieve information (learning)

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4
Q

Humanistic

A

How do we meet the human need for love, acceptance, self-fulfillment - reaching our full potential

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5
Q

Psychodynamic

A

Modern approach that uses many of Freud’s psychoanalytic theories to explain how the mind works, what unconscious drives, thoughts, conflicts affect our behavior

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6
Q

Behavioral

A

Studies behaviors/tendencies that can be observed, measured, counted. Emphasizes the power of learning.

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7
Q

Sociocultural

A

Focuses on how society and culture impact our thoughts, behaviors, decisions, etc. - how do behaviors change across culture

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8
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

our tendeny to view events as more predictable than they really are

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9
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

seeking evidence to support the answer you want

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10
Q

Overconfidence

A

an overestimation of one’s actual ability to perform a task sucessfully

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11
Q

Describe how theories advance psychological science

A

theories provide the foundation for the psychological research

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12
Q

peer reviewers

A

scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, origin, and accuracy

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13
Q

Hypothesis

A

test theories and make predictions

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14
Q

falsifiability

A

the possibility that a hypothesis can be proven false or wrong by experiment or observation

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15
Q

operational definitions

A

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

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16
Q

replication

A

ability to repeat a study with different participants or situations, to see if findings can be reproduced

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17
Q

case study

A

Studies one individual in depth

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18
Q

meta analysis

A

technique to increase effect size by synthesizing results of many studies into a single result

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19
Q

naturalistic observation

A

Records behavior in the natural environment

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20
Q

survey

A

Attempt to gather information on what people think & have done

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21
Q

social desiriability bias

A

bias from people responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes

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22
Q

self-report bias

A

bias when people report their behavior innacurately

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23
Q

experimenter bias

A

bias where experimenter influences the experiment unintentionally

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24
Q

population

A

representative sample

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25
Q

sample

A

a group of people being studied/ gathering data from a small group of a larger set

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26
Q

sampling bias

A

generalize from a few cases

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27
Q

random sampling

A

every member of population has equal chance of being selected

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28
Q

convenience sampling

A

collecting from a group readily available

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29
Q

representative sampling

A

sample (small group) that accurately matches the characteristics of population has equal chance of being selected as part of the sample

30
Q

positive correlation

A

rise and fall together

31
Q

negative correlation

A

1 rises other falls and vice versa

32
Q

what does it mean when two things are correlated?

A

two things have a relationship with each other

33
Q

illusory correlation

A

when we believe there is a relationship between two things, we are likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our belief

34
Q

correlation

A

Measures the extent to which two factors (variables) vary together/predict one another

35
Q

correlation coefficient

A

Statistical measurement

36
Q

directionality problem

A

can’t tell which is causing the other, only that there’s a relationship

37
Q

third variable problem

A

there’s something else driving the relationship

38
Q

experimental group

A

the group exposed to the treatment

39
Q

control group

A

the group NOT exposed to the treatment

40
Q

independent variable

A

the factor that is being manipulated

41
Q

dependent variable

A

the outcome that is measured

42
Q

random assingment

A

assigning people to experimental and control groups by chance

43
Q

single-blind procedure

A

a procedure in which the research participants are blind about whether they have received treatment or placebo

44
Q

double-blind procedure

A

a procedure in which the research participants and staff are both blinded

45
Q

placebo

A

a pill with no drug in it

46
Q

regression towards the mean

A

the illusion that uncontrollable events correlate with our actions is also fed by statistical phenomenon

47
Q

placebo effect

A

results caused by expectations alone

48
Q

confounding variable

A

other factors that can potentially influence a study’s results

49
Q

Quantitative Research

A

a research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data

50
Q

Qualitative Research

A

e research method that relies on in-depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers

51
Q

Likert Scales

A

strongly disagree to strongly agree

52
Q

Institutional Review

A

ethics committees, universities

52
Q

Informed Assent

A

participants told enough to choose whether to participate (for minors)

52
Q

informed consent

A

participants told enough to choose whether to participate

53
Q

Protect From Harm

A

both physical and psychological

54
Q

Confidentiality

A

keep participant information private, not requiring identifying information to participate

55
Q

Research Confederates

A

individuals who seem to be participants but in reality are part of the research team

56
Q

Debriefing

A

post-experimental explanation of study

57
Q

Measure of Central Tendency

A

a single score that represents a whole set of scores

58
Q

Mode

A

the most frequent occurring scores in a distribution

59
Q

Mean

A

the average of a distribution

60
Q

Median

A

the middle score in a distribution

61
Q

Percentile Rank

A

the percentage of scores in a distribution that are less than or equal to a given score

62
Q

Skewed

A

when a few outlining scores distort the mean

63
Q

Bimodal Distribution

A

has two peaks

64
Q

Measures of Variation

A

ways to describe the distribution of dispersion of data

65
Q

Range

A

the gap between the lowest and the highest

66
Q

Standard Deviation

A

a more useful standard fr measuring how much scores differ from one another

67
Q

Normal Curve

A

bell-shaped distribution

67
Q

Meta Analysis

A

analyzes results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

68
Q

statistical significance

A

how likely a results occured by chance assuming there is no difference

69
Q

Effect Size

A

the larger the effect-size the stronger the cause/effect relationship

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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