Unit Four- Diabetes and Stress Hormones

Question 1

what are islets of langerhan

Answer 1

clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas

Question 2

what does insulin do and what secretes it

Answer 2

-secreted by beta cells
-lowers blood sugar by making target cells permeable

Question 3

what does glucagon do and what secretes it

Answer 3

-secreted by alpha cells
-increases blood sugar by stimulating liver to convert glycogen to glucose

Question 4

what is diabetes mellitus

Answer 4

-glucose imbalance
-body does not produce enough insulin or does not respond properly to insulin
-glucose stays in blood instead of entering cells
-hyperglycemia

Question 5

what is hyperglycemia

Answer 5

high blood sugar

Question 6

what is type 1 diabetes and how is it managed

Answer 6

-body destroys beta cells that produce insulin
-daily insulin shots

Question 7

what is type 2 diabetes and how is it managed

Answer 7

-insulin receptors stop responding
-controlled with diet, exercise, and oral meds

Question 8

where are adrenal glands located

Answer 8

on top of kidneys

Question 9

what are the two layers of the adrenal gland

Answer 9

-adrenal medulla (inner)
-adrenal cortex (outer layer)

Question 10

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 10

-epinephrine (short term stress fight or flight)
-norepinephrine

Question 11

what does the adrenal cortex do

Answer 11

reacts to long term stress response

Question 12

how does secretion in the adrenal cortex occur

Answer 12

-hypothalamus secretes corticotropin

-corticotropin stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropin

• adrenocorticotropin triggers adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

Question 13

what are the responses to corticoid steroids

Answer 13

-proteins/lipids converted to glucose
-increased blood volume
-increased hunger
-decreased immune response & decreased inflammation
-increased sodium absorption