Unit 1- Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

what is a polymer

A

chain of monomer

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2
Q

what is a monomer

A

singular building blocks of macromolecules

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3
Q

what joins monomers together

A

condensation reaction (dehydration)

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4
Q

what breaks monomers apart

A

hydrolysis reaction

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5
Q

4 types of macromolecules

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
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6
Q

what are carbohydrates made of
-elements
-functional groups

A

*CHO
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-carbonyl and hydroxyl groups

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7
Q

carbohydrate properties

A

-polar
-hydrophilic

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8
Q

what are carbohydrates used for

A

-FAST energy

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9
Q

what are monomers of carbohydrates + examples

A

*monomers
1. glucose
2. fructose
3. galactose
–> all isomers of each other

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10
Q

2 forms of glucose & how to tell

A

alpha- hydroxyl points down
beta- hydroxyl points up then alternates

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11
Q

what are the bonds in carbohydrates called

A

glycosidic linkages

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12
Q

what are lipids made of
-elements
- building blocks

A

*CHO
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (may contain phosphorus)
-fatty acids and glycerols

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13
Q

what are lipids used for

A
  • slow energy (fat)
    -insulation
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14
Q

what are the 4 types of lipids

A
  1. triglycerides
  2. steroids
  3. waxes
  4. phospholipids
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15
Q

what are triglycerides made of (and how)

A

-3 fatty acids chains and a glycerol
-combined through ester linkages

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16
Q

what makes a fatty acid saturated and how can you tell

A

-no multi-bonded carbons
-solid at room temp

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17
Q

what makes a fatty acid unsaturated and how can you tell

A

-multibonded carbons
-liquid at room temp due to kinks

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18
Q

what differentiates steroids
examples

A

-4 fused hydrocarbon rings
-several functional groups

ex: sex hormones

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19
Q

what differentiates waxes
examples

A

-fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings
ex: honeycomb, beeswax, earwax

20
Q

what differentiates phospholipids
what does this create

A
  • one fatty acid, one phosphate group

-creates one end hydrophobic (fatty acid) one end hydrophilic (phosphate)

21
Q

what are proteins made of
-elements

A

-CHON
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (sometimes sulfur)

22
Q

what does amphiphilic mean

A

one end hydrophobic & one end hydrophilic

23
Q

what are protein monomers

A

Amino acids

24
Q

what are protein polymers and how are they joined

A

polypeptides through polypeptide bonds

25
what does the N & C terminal of a protein mean
N terminal is basic- gain an H+ C terminal is acidic- lose an H-
26
what are the levels of protein structure
-primary -secondary -tertiary -quaternary
27
what does primary level of protein structure determine
-number and sequence of the amino acid
28
what does secondary level of protein structure determine --> what or what
-causes chain to take specific shape - H bonds form between 2 different amino acid causing a helix - two parts of a singular polypeptide lie parallel to one and another creating protein sheets
29
what does tertiary structure of protein structure determine
-further folding and coiling determined by R groups
30
what 4 things can happen in tertiary level of protein structure
1. H bonds 2. Disulphide 3. Hydrophobic interactions 4. Salt bridges
31
2 types of proteins
globular- enzymes or cell membranes fibrous- chains that lie close to one another
32
what does quaternary level of protein structure determine - when does this happen?
*ONLY occurs in proteins of 2 or more polypeptide chains -joining of multiple polypeptides through intermolecular interactions
33
what are causes of denaturation and when does it occurr
-heat -chemicals -pH -some salts -heavy metal -radiation -agitation occurs in secondary/tertiary protein level
34
what are nucleic acids made of -elements
*CHONP carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
35
what are nucleic acids used for
1. information 2. energy
36
what is nucleic acid's monomers
nucleotides
37
what are the 2 types of nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
38
What are the three components of nucleotides
1. sugar 2. nitrogenous base 3. phosphate
39
what component differentiates RNA vs DNA --> Give example
the 5-carbon ring sugar Ribose, OH on C2 is RNA Deoxyribose, H C2 is DNA
40
what are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases
Purines- double ring structures Pyramidines- single ring structures
41
name the purines
-guanine -adenine
42
name the Pyrimidines
-cytosine -thymine -uracil
43
what is the combination of the sugar and the nitrogenous base on a nucleotide called and where is it attached
nucleoside on the carbon 1
44
where is the phosphate group attached on a nucleotide
carbon 5
45
what are bond created on a nucleotide called
phosphodiester bonds
46
how do stands line up on DNA
antiparallel (like teams lining up after a game)