Unit 1- Macromolecules Flashcards
what is a polymer
chain of monomer
what is a monomer
singular building blocks of macromolecules
what joins monomers together
condensation reaction (dehydration)
what breaks monomers apart
hydrolysis reaction
4 types of macromolecules
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
what are carbohydrates made of
-elements
-functional groups
*CHO
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-carbonyl and hydroxyl groups
carbohydrate properties
-polar
-hydrophilic
what are carbohydrates used for
-FAST energy
what are monomers of carbohydrates + examples
*monomers
1. glucose
2. fructose
3. galactose
–> all isomers of each other
2 forms of glucose & how to tell
alpha- hydroxyl points down
beta- hydroxyl points up then alternates
what are the bonds in carbohydrates called
glycosidic linkages
what are lipids made of
-elements
- building blocks
*CHO
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (may contain phosphorus)
-fatty acids and glycerols
what are lipids used for
- slow energy (fat)
-insulation
what are the 4 types of lipids
- triglycerides
- steroids
- waxes
- phospholipids
what are triglycerides made of (and how)
-3 fatty acids chains and a glycerol
-combined through ester linkages
what makes a fatty acid saturated and how can you tell
-no multi-bonded carbons
-solid at room temp
what makes a fatty acid unsaturated and how can you tell
-multibonded carbons
-liquid at room temp due to kinks
what differentiates steroids
examples
-4 fused hydrocarbon rings
-several functional groups
ex: sex hormones
what differentiates waxes
examples
-fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings
ex: honeycomb, beeswax, earwax
what differentiates phospholipids
what does this create
- one fatty acid, one phosphate group
-creates one end hydrophobic (fatty acid) one end hydrophilic (phosphate)
what are proteins made of
-elements
-CHON
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (sometimes sulfur)
what does amphiphilic mean
one end hydrophobic & one end hydrophilic
what are protein monomers
Amino acids
what are protein polymers and how are they joined
polypeptides through polypeptide bonds
what does the N & C terminal of a protein mean
N terminal is basic- gain an H+
C terminal is acidic- lose an H-
what are the levels of protein structure
-primary
-secondary
-tertiary
-quaternary
what does primary level of protein structure determine
-number and sequence of the amino acid
what does secondary level of protein structure determine
–> what or what
-causes chain to take specific shape
- H bonds form between 2 different amino acid causing a helix
- two parts of a singular polypeptide lie parallel to one and another creating protein sheets
what does tertiary structure of protein structure determine
-further folding and coiling determined by R groups
what 4 things can happen in tertiary level of protein structure
- H bonds
- Disulphide
- Hydrophobic interactions
- Salt bridges
2 types of proteins
globular- enzymes or cell membranes
fibrous- chains that lie close to one another
what does quaternary level of protein structure determine
- when does this happen?
*ONLY occurs in proteins of 2 or more polypeptide chains
-joining of multiple polypeptides through intermolecular interactions
what are causes of denaturation and when does it occurr
-heat
-chemicals
-pH
-some salts
-heavy metal
-radiation
-agitation
occurs in secondary/tertiary protein level
what are nucleic acids made of
-elements
*CHONP
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
what are nucleic acids used for
- information
- energy
what is nucleic acid’s monomers
nucleotides
what are the 2 types of nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
What are the three components of nucleotides
- sugar
- nitrogenous base
- phosphate
what component differentiates RNA vs DNA
–> Give example
the 5-carbon ring sugar
Ribose, OH on C2 is RNA
Deoxyribose, H C2 is DNA
what are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases
Purines- double ring structures
Pyramidines- single ring structures
name the purines
-guanine
-adenine
name the Pyrimidines
-cytosine
-thymine
-uracil
what is the combination of the sugar and the nitrogenous base on a nucleotide called and where is it attached
nucleoside on the carbon 1
where is the phosphate group attached on a nucleotide
carbon 5
what are bond created on a nucleotide called
phosphodiester bonds
how do stands line up on DNA
antiparallel (like teams lining up after a game)
