Unit 1- Macromolecules

Question 1

what is a polymer

Answer 1

chain of monomer

Question 2

what is a monomer

Answer 2

singular building blocks of macromolecules

Question 3

what joins monomers together

Answer 3

condensation reaction (dehydration)

Question 4

what breaks monomers apart

Answer 4

hydrolysis reaction

Question 5

4 types of macromolecules

Answer 5

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids

Question 6

what are carbohydrates made of
-elements
-functional groups

Answer 6

*CHO
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-carbonyl and hydroxyl groups

Question 7

carbohydrate properties

Answer 7

-polar
-hydrophilic

Question 8

what are carbohydrates used for

Answer 8

-FAST energy

Question 9

what are monomers of carbohydrates + examples

Answer 9

*monomers
1. glucose
2. fructose
3. galactose
–> all isomers of each other

Question 10

2 forms of glucose & how to tell

Answer 10

alpha- hydroxyl points down
beta- hydroxyl points up then alternates

Question 11

what are the bonds in carbohydrates called

Answer 11

glycosidic linkages

Question 12

what are lipids made of
-elements
- building blocks

Answer 12

*CHO
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (may contain phosphorus)
-fatty acids and glycerols

Question 13

what are lipids used for

Answer 13

• slow energy (fat)
  -insulation

Question 14

what are the 4 types of lipids

Answer 14

1. triglycerides
2. steroids
3. waxes
4. phospholipids

Question 15

what are triglycerides made of (and how)

Answer 15

-3 fatty acids chains and a glycerol
-combined through ester linkages

Question 16

what makes a fatty acid saturated and how can you tell

Answer 16

-no multi-bonded carbons
-solid at room temp

Question 17

what makes a fatty acid unsaturated and how can you tell

Answer 17

-multibonded carbons
-liquid at room temp due to kinks

Question 18

what differentiates steroids
examples

Answer 18

-4 fused hydrocarbon rings
-several functional groups

ex: sex hormones

Question 19

what differentiates waxes
examples

Answer 19

-fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings
ex: honeycomb, beeswax, earwax

Question 20

what differentiates phospholipids
what does this create

Answer 20

• one fatty acid, one phosphate group

-creates one end hydrophobic (fatty acid) one end hydrophilic (phosphate)

Question 21

what are proteins made of
-elements

Answer 21

-CHON
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (sometimes sulfur)

Question 22

what does amphiphilic mean

Answer 22

one end hydrophobic & one end hydrophilic

Question 23

what are protein monomers

Answer 23

Amino acids

Question 24

what are protein polymers and how are they joined

Answer 24

polypeptides through polypeptide bonds

Question 25

what does the N & C terminal of a protein mean

Answer 25

N terminal is basic- gain an H+
C terminal is acidic- lose an H-

Question 26

what are the levels of protein structure

Answer 26

-primary
-secondary
-tertiary
-quaternary

Question 27

what does primary level of protein structure determine

Answer 27

-number and sequence of the amino acid

Question 28

what does secondary level of protein structure determine

–> what or what

Answer 28

-causes chain to take specific shape

• H bonds form between 2 different amino acid causing a helix
• two parts of a singular polypeptide lie parallel to one and another creating protein sheets

Question 29

what does tertiary structure of protein structure determine

Answer 29

-further folding and coiling determined by R groups

Question 30

what 4 things can happen in tertiary level of protein structure

Answer 30

1. H bonds
2. Disulphide
3. Hydrophobic interactions
4. Salt bridges

Question 31

2 types of proteins

Answer 31

globular- enzymes or cell membranes

fibrous- chains that lie close to one another

Question 32

what does quaternary level of protein structure determine

• when does this happen?

Answer 32

*ONLY occurs in proteins of 2 or more polypeptide chains

-joining of multiple polypeptides through intermolecular interactions

Question 33

what are causes of denaturation and when does it occurr

Answer 33

-heat
-chemicals
-pH
-some salts
-heavy metal
-radiation
-agitation

occurs in secondary/tertiary protein level

Question 34

what are nucleic acids made of
-elements

Answer 34

*CHONP
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Question 35

what are nucleic acids used for

Answer 35

1. information
2. energy

Question 36

what is nucleic acid’s monomers

Answer 36

nucleotides

Question 37

what are the 2 types of nucleic acid

Answer 37

DNA and RNA

Question 38

What are the three components of nucleotides

Answer 38

1. sugar
2. nitrogenous base
3. phosphate

Question 39

what component differentiates RNA vs DNA

–> Give example

Answer 39

the 5-carbon ring sugar

Ribose, OH on C2 is RNA

Deoxyribose, H C2 is DNA

Question 40

what are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases

Answer 40

Purines- double ring structures

Pyramidines- single ring structures

Question 41

name the purines

Answer 41

-guanine
-adenine

Question 42

name the Pyrimidines

Answer 42

-cytosine
-thymine
-uracil

Question 43

what is the combination of the sugar and the nitrogenous base on a nucleotide called and where is it attached

Answer 43

nucleoside on the carbon 1

Question 44

where is the phosphate group attached on a nucleotide

Answer 44

carbon 5

Question 45

what are bond created on a nucleotide called

Answer 45

phosphodiester bonds

Question 46

how do stands line up on DNA

Answer 46

antiparallel (like teams lining up after a game)