Unit 9 Review Flashcards
93% - H2O electrolytes 6-8% - proteins gases - O2, CO2, N2 nutrients waste individual hormones
Composition of plasma
Three major proteins in plasma
Fibrinogen - blood clotting
Albumin
Globulin
most important protein in plasma
Albumin
formed elements of the blood
plasma
cells
serum
the fluid portion of blood, minus cells
plasma
plasma minus clotting factors, especially fibrinogen
serum
three types of cells in blood
erythrocytes - RBCs
Leukocytes - WBCs
Platelets - clotting cell fragments
which blood cells are the most abundant?
erythrocytes - RBCs - 4.2-6.2 million
small cell fragments
platelets
blood cells originate from ______________ _________ __________ in the bone marrow. called ________________
pluripotent stem cells
hemocytoblasts or hematopoeitic stem cells
2 disorders of hematopoietic stem cells
aplastic anemia
myeloproliferative leukemia
information from CBC
WBCs - WBC leukocyte count WBC types - WBC differential RBCs- RBC count Hematocrit Hemoglobin RBC indices Platelet (thrombocyte) count Mean platelet volume (MPV)
% of blood which is cells
hematocrit
the purpose of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate determination is…
to indirectly measure inflammation in the body; also known as “sed rate”. Screening test not diagnostic.
Sed rate can be used to detect/monitor
autoimmune disorders forms of arthritis CA vague symptoms TB
main reasons for bone marrow aspiration…
Looking for defect in hematopoiesis
Looking to diagnose certain blood diseases like leukemia, etc…
some defects of hematopoiesis that might be found in bone marrow aspiration
aplastic anemia, metabolic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia
some diagnoses from bone marrow aspiration
B lymphocyte immune deficiencies
polycythemia vera
leukemias, myelomas, lymphomas
three steps to platelet plug formation
- platelets adhere to exposed collagen
- platelets activated by thrombin breakdown and release various regulating and enhancing factors (seratonin, ADP, thromboxane)
- more platelets are attracted to site and platelet plug forms
“hypercoaguability states” increase the risk of clot or thrombus formation in either the ____________ or ______________ circulation
venous
arterial
decreased level or lack of coagulation factor/factors
hemophilias
three most common hemophilias
- Factor VIII - hemophilia A
- Factor IX - Hemophilia B or Christmas disease
- Von Willebrand Disease or Factor VII
Factor VIII
hemophilia A, genetically transmitted through sex linked gene
bleeding disorder autosomal dominant
Von Willebrand Disease
Bleeding disorders
Hemophilias, antibody-mediated alterations immune thrombocytopenia purpura acquired alterations in coagulation liver disease massive transfusion syndrome drug induced coagulation abnormalities
newborns, obstructive liver disease and malabsorption
Vitamin K deficiency
results from antibodies against coagulation factors
antibody-mediated alterations
person receives a lot of blood via transfusion
massive transfusion syndrome
which drugs most associated with drop in platelet count?
ASA, NSAIDS, ETOH, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, phenothiazines
what treatment should be given for drug induced thrombocytopenia
- stop drug!!
- Immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) given through a vein
- Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis)
- Platelet transfusions
- Corticosteroids
RBC production is regulated by the hormone ___________ which is produced in the _________ in response to decreased circulating O2 levels
erythropoietan
kidneys
Manifestations of anemia
splenomegaly and/or hepatomegaly abdominal pain skeletal abnormalities PE pallor hypoxemia weakness fever and dyspnea
what causes the “sickling” in sickle cell anemia?
The sickling is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin (an iron-protein compound in red blood cells that transports oxygen) known as hemoglobin S; propensity for the cells to assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle-like shape under certain circumstances.
sickling is….
premature breakdown of RBCs
hemolytic anemia is characterized by premature and accelerated destruction of ___________
erythrocytes
manifestation in pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency anemia
“macrocytic” or “megaloblastic” anemia. These terms refer to anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal.
cause of pernicious anemia
autoimmune disease that destroys parietal cells in stomach that secrete intrinsic factor - inadequate B12 absorption - lack of intrinsic factor
difference between B12 deficiency and folic acid deficiency
the two present almost identically; both lead to megaloblastic anemia
why is anemia common in elderly
erythrocytes are replenished more slowly due to iron depletion
general causes of neutropenia
prolonged infection
decreased neutrophil production
ineffective granulopoiesis
reduced neutrophil survival
Diverse group of blood cancers that include any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkin’s lymphomas. A heterogeneous group of over 30 types of cancers with differences in the microscopic appearance and biological characterization of the malignant lymphocytes.
Non-Hodgkins lymphomas
Difference between Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins
The type of abnormal cells identified in the sample determines whether a lymphoma is classified as Hodgkin’s disease or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Non-hodgkins is much more common.
much less common accounting for only 1% of CAs in US
Hodgkins lymphoma
distinct cell that determines a CA is Hodgkins
Reed-Sternberg cell
Leukemias are malignant neoplasms arising from the transformation of a single blood cell line derived from ______________ stem cells
WBC
how are leukemias classified?
predominant cell of origin – myeloid or lymphoid
rate of progression - how fast cancer grows
