Unit 9 Review Flashcards by Patricia Griffin

93% - H2O
electrolytes
6-8% - proteins
gases - O2, CO2, N2
nutrients
waste
individual hormones

Composition of plasma

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Three major proteins in plasma

Fibrinogen - blood clotting
Albumin
Globulin

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most important protein in plasma

Albumin

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formed elements of the blood

plasma
cells
serum

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the fluid portion of blood, minus cells

plasma

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plasma minus clotting factors, especially fibrinogen

serum

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three types of cells in blood

erythrocytes - RBCs
Leukocytes - WBCs
Platelets - clotting cell fragments

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which blood cells are the most abundant?

erythrocytes - RBCs - 4.2-6.2 million

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small cell fragments

platelets

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blood cells originate from ______________ _________ __________ in the bone marrow. called ________________

pluripotent stem cells

hemocytoblasts or hematopoeitic stem cells

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2 disorders of hematopoietic stem cells

aplastic anemia

myeloproliferative leukemia

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information from CBC

WBCs - WBC leukocyte count
WBC types - WBC differential
RBCs- RBC count
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin
RBC indices
Platelet (thrombocyte) count
Mean platelet volume (MPV)

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% of blood which is cells

hematocrit

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the purpose of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate determination is…

to indirectly measure inflammation in the body; also known as “sed rate”. Screening test not diagnostic.

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Sed rate can be used to detect/monitor

autoimmune disorders
forms of arthritis
CA
vague symptoms
TB

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main reasons for bone marrow aspiration…

Looking for defect in hematopoiesis

Looking to diagnose certain blood diseases like leukemia, etc…

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some defects of hematopoiesis that might be found in bone marrow aspiration

aplastic anemia, metabolic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

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some diagnoses from bone marrow aspiration

B lymphocyte immune deficiencies
polycythemia vera
leukemias, myelomas, lymphomas

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three steps to platelet plug formation

platelets adhere to exposed collagen
platelets activated by thrombin breakdown and release various regulating and enhancing factors (seratonin, ADP, thromboxane)
more platelets are attracted to site and platelet plug forms

“hypercoaguability states” increase the risk of clot or thrombus formation in either the ____________ or ______________ circulation

venous

arterial

decreased level or lack of coagulation factor/factors

hemophilias

three most common hemophilias

Factor VIII - hemophilia A
Factor IX - Hemophilia B or Christmas disease
Von Willebrand Disease or Factor VII

Factor VIII

hemophilia A, genetically transmitted through sex linked gene

bleeding disorder autosomal dominant

Von Willebrand Disease

Bleeding disorders

``` Hemophilias, antibody-mediated alterations immune thrombocytopenia purpura acquired alterations in coagulation liver disease massive transfusion syndrome drug induced coagulation abnormalities ```

newborns, obstructive liver disease and malabsorption

Vitamin K deficiency

results from antibodies against coagulation factors

antibody-mediated alterations

person receives a lot of blood via transfusion

massive transfusion syndrome

which drugs most associated with drop in platelet count?

ASA, NSAIDS, ETOH, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, phenothiazines

what treatment should be given for drug induced thrombocytopenia

1. stop drug!! 2. Immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) given through a vein 3. Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) 4. Platelet transfusions 5. Corticosteroids

RBC production is regulated by the hormone ___________ which is produced in the _________ in response to decreased circulating O2 levels

erythropoietan | kidneys

Manifestations of anemia

``` splenomegaly and/or hepatomegaly abdominal pain skeletal abnormalities PE pallor hypoxemia weakness fever and dyspnea ```

what causes the "sickling" in sickle cell anemia?

The sickling is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin (an iron-protein compound in red blood cells that transports oxygen) known as hemoglobin S; propensity for the cells to assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle-like shape under certain circumstances.

sickling is....

premature breakdown of RBCs

hemolytic anemia is characterized by premature and accelerated destruction of ___________

erythrocytes

manifestation in pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency anemia

"macrocytic" or "megaloblastic" anemia. These terms refer to anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal.

cause of pernicious anemia

autoimmune disease that destroys parietal cells in stomach that secrete intrinsic factor - inadequate B12 absorption - lack of intrinsic factor

difference between B12 deficiency and folic acid deficiency

the two present almost identically; both lead to megaloblastic anemia

why is anemia common in elderly

erythrocytes are replenished more slowly due to iron depletion

general causes of neutropenia

prolonged infection decreased neutrophil production ineffective granulopoiesis reduced neutrophil survival

Diverse group of blood cancers that include any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas. A heterogeneous group of over 30 types of cancers with differences in the microscopic appearance and biological characterization of the malignant lymphocytes.

Non-Hodgkins lymphomas

Difference between Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins

The type of abnormal cells identified in the sample determines whether a lymphoma is classified as Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Non-hodgkins is much more common.

much less common accounting for only 1% of CAs in US

Hodgkins lymphoma

distinct cell that determines a CA is Hodgkins

Reed-Sternberg cell

Leukemias are malignant neoplasms arising from the transformation of a single blood cell line derived from ______________ stem cells

WBC

how are leukemias classified?

predominant cell of origin -- myeloid or lymphoid | rate of progression - how fast cancer grows