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Patho Units 7-10 > Unit 9 Review > Flashcards

Unit 9 Review Flashcards

1
Q 
93% - H2O
electrolytes
6-8% - proteins
gases - O2, CO2, N2
nutrients
waste
individual hormones
A

Composition of plasma

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2
Q

Three major proteins in plasma

A

Fibrinogen - blood clotting
Albumin
Globulin

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3
Q

most important protein in plasma

A

Albumin

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4
Q

formed elements of the blood

A

plasma
cells
serum

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5
Q

the fluid portion of blood, minus cells

A

plasma

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6
Q

plasma minus clotting factors, especially fibrinogen

A

serum

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7
Q

three types of cells in blood

A

erythrocytes - RBCs
Leukocytes - WBCs
Platelets - clotting cell fragments

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8
Q

which blood cells are the most abundant?

A

erythrocytes - RBCs - 4.2-6.2 million

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9
Q

small cell fragments

A

platelets

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10
Q

blood cells originate from ______________ _________ __________ in the bone marrow. called ________________

A

pluripotent stem cells

hemocytoblasts or hematopoeitic stem cells

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11
Q

2 disorders of hematopoietic stem cells

A

aplastic anemia

myeloproliferative leukemia

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12
Q

information from CBC

A 
WBCs - WBC leukocyte count
WBC types - WBC differential
RBCs- RBC count
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin
RBC indices
Platelet (thrombocyte) count
Mean platelet volume (MPV)
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13
Q

% of blood which is cells

A

hematocrit

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14
Q

the purpose of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate determination is…

A

to indirectly measure inflammation in the body; also known as “sed rate”. Screening test not diagnostic.

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15
Q

Sed rate can be used to detect/monitor

A 
autoimmune disorders
forms of arthritis
CA
vague symptoms
TB
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16
Q

main reasons for bone marrow aspiration…

A

Looking for defect in hematopoiesis

Looking to diagnose certain blood diseases like leukemia, etc…

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17
Q

some defects of hematopoiesis that might be found in bone marrow aspiration

A

aplastic anemia, metabolic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

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18
Q

some diagnoses from bone marrow aspiration

A

B lymphocyte immune deficiencies
polycythemia vera
leukemias, myelomas, lymphomas

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19
Q

three steps to platelet plug formation

A
  1. platelets adhere to exposed collagen
  2. platelets activated by thrombin breakdown and release various regulating and enhancing factors (seratonin, ADP, thromboxane)
  3. more platelets are attracted to site and platelet plug forms
20
Q

“hypercoaguability states” increase the risk of clot or thrombus formation in either the ____________ or ______________ circulation

A

venous

arterial

21
Q

decreased level or lack of coagulation factor/factors

A

hemophilias

22
Q

three most common hemophilias

A
  1. Factor VIII - hemophilia A
  2. Factor IX - Hemophilia B or Christmas disease
  3. Von Willebrand Disease or Factor VII
23
Q

Factor VIII

A

hemophilia A, genetically transmitted through sex linked gene

24
Q

bleeding disorder autosomal dominant

A

Von Willebrand Disease

25
Q

Bleeding disorders

A 
Hemophilias, 
antibody-mediated alterations
immune thrombocytopenia purpura
acquired alterations in coagulation
liver disease
massive transfusion syndrome
drug induced coagulation abnormalities
26
Q

newborns, obstructive liver disease and malabsorption

A

Vitamin K deficiency

27
Q

results from antibodies against coagulation factors

A

antibody-mediated alterations

28
Q

person receives a lot of blood via transfusion

A

massive transfusion syndrome

29
Q

which drugs most associated with drop in platelet count?

A

ASA, NSAIDS, ETOH, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, phenothiazines

30
Q

what treatment should be given for drug induced thrombocytopenia

A
  1. stop drug!!
  2. Immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) given through a vein
  3. Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis)
  4. Platelet transfusions
  5. Corticosteroids
31
Q

RBC production is regulated by the hormone ___________ which is produced in the _________ in response to decreased circulating O2 levels

A

erythropoietan

kidneys

32
Q

Manifestations of anemia

A 
splenomegaly and/or hepatomegaly
abdominal pain
skeletal abnormalities
PE
pallor
hypoxemia
weakness
fever and dyspnea
33
Q

what causes the “sickling” in sickle cell anemia?

A

The sickling is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin (an iron-protein compound in red blood cells that transports oxygen) known as hemoglobin S; propensity for the cells to assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle-like shape under certain circumstances.

34
Q

sickling is….

A

premature breakdown of RBCs

35
Q

hemolytic anemia is characterized by premature and accelerated destruction of ___________

A

erythrocytes

36
Q

manifestation in pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency anemia

A

“macrocytic” or “megaloblastic” anemia. These terms refer to anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal.

37
Q

cause of pernicious anemia

A

autoimmune disease that destroys parietal cells in stomach that secrete intrinsic factor - inadequate B12 absorption - lack of intrinsic factor

38
Q

difference between B12 deficiency and folic acid deficiency

A

the two present almost identically; both lead to megaloblastic anemia

39
Q

why is anemia common in elderly

A

erythrocytes are replenished more slowly due to iron depletion

40
Q

general causes of neutropenia

A

prolonged infection
decreased neutrophil production
ineffective granulopoiesis
reduced neutrophil survival

41
Q

Diverse group of blood cancers that include any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkin’s lymphomas. A heterogeneous group of over 30 types of cancers with differences in the microscopic appearance and biological characterization of the malignant lymphocytes.

A

Non-Hodgkins lymphomas

42
Q

Difference between Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins

A

The type of abnormal cells identified in the sample determines whether a lymphoma is classified as Hodgkin’s disease or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Non-hodgkins is much more common.

43
Q

much less common accounting for only 1% of CAs in US

A

Hodgkins lymphoma

44
Q

distinct cell that determines a CA is Hodgkins

A

Reed-Sternberg cell

45
Q

Leukemias are malignant neoplasms arising from the transformation of a single blood cell line derived from ______________ stem cells

A

WBC

46
Q

how are leukemias classified?

A

predominant cell of origin – myeloid or lymphoid

rate of progression - how fast cancer grows

Patho Units 7-10 (15 decks)

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