Chapter 3 Flashcards
the osmolality of the intracellular fluid normally is (higher than, the same as, lower than) the extracellular fluid because H2O crosses cell membranes (with difficulty, freely) through aquaporins
the same as
freely
what intracellular molecule is primarily responsible for the plasma oncotic pressure
Albumin
Thirst prompts fluid intake thru action of ( ) located in the ( )
osmoreceptors
hypothalamus
isotonic fluid excess causes
hypervolemia
renal compensation for acid-base balance is (fast/slow) & pulmonary compensation is (fast/slow)?
slow
fast
fluid moves out of capillaries by ( ) and into or out of cells by ( )
filtration
osmosis
Hypercapnia means an excess of what in the blood?
CO2
The most dangerous effect of hyperK+ is its action on the …
heart
edema: tumor on lymph node
lymphatic obstruction
edema: R heart failure
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
edema: infected wound
increased capillary permiability
edema: clot in vein
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
edema: protein malnutrition
decreased plasma oncotic pressure
edema: bee sting
increased capillary permiability
edema: ESRD
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
greater % body water wt? lean woman or obese woman
lean woman
greater % body water wt? infant or adolescent?
infant
greater % body water wt if both weigh the same? woman or man?
man
greater % body water wt if both weigh the same? 56 y/o man or 78 y/o man?
56 y/o man
where is K+ ion concentration greater? intra or extra cellular fluid
intra
where is Na+ ion concentration greater? intra or extra cellular fluid?
extra
which is greater? the pH of acid or the pH of alkaline solution?
alkaline
which is greater? the RR during metabolic acidosis or RR during metabolic alkalosis
acidosis
Water moves into the cell when extracellular fluid is hypotonic or hypertonic
hypotonic
Water moves out of the cell when the extracellular fluid is hypo or hypertonic?
hypertonic
when the ECF is hypotonic H2O moves (into or out of) the cell through ( ) to balance osmolality
into
osmosis
When the ECF is hypertonic, H2O moves (into or out of) the cell through ( ) to balance osmolality
out of
osmosis
What are cerebral manifestations that occur when neurons swell because of hypernatremia
confusion, LOC, seizures, lethargy, coma
Why are clinical manifestations of hyperNa+ and hypo Na+ so similar?
Neurons in both care are not functioning properly and manifest nonspecific cerebral disfunction
Angiotensin II and increased K+ stimulate secretion of what? To what end?
Aldosterone
increases renal Na+ and H2O absorbtion - increase BP;
increased renal excretion of K+ and H+ ions
Low plasma Ca++ stimulates secretion of what hormone? To what end
Parathyroid hormone
increase reabsorption of bone, renal reabsorption of Ca++ and inhibits renal reabsorption of phosphate
Increased volume in cardiac atria stimulates secretion of what? to what end
Atrial Natriuretic peptide
increases renal Na+ and H2O excretion - lowers BP
High plasma Ca++ increases secretion of what? To what end?
Calcitonin
Inhibits osteoclasts in bones
fluid that is part of the extracellular fluid
blood and interstitial fluid
all the fluid outside of cells –fluid in vessels and between cells
extracellular fluid
acid secreted by the lungs
volatile acid - carbonic acide
acid secreted by kidneys
nonvolatile acid - metabolic acid - sodium bicarb
pH of blood is <7.35
acidemia
too much acid, too little base (ratio is off)
acidosis
in acid-base imbalance returns imbalance between acid and base to normal levels
correction
returns ratio of bicarb to carbonic acid to 20:1 which is normal, but acid/base balance is still off
compensation
1/3 of body H2O is ( ) fluid, 2/3s is ( ) fluid
extracellular
intracellular
a standard 68 K man has ( ) liters of total body H2O
40.8
Excessive fluid within the interstitial space is called
edema
an ( ) fluid has the same concentration of solute as plasma
isontonic
a person with lung disease could develop a primary ( ) acid-base imbalance, but a person with kidney diseases may develop a primary ( ) acid-base imbalance
respiratory
metabolic
when the blood pH is 7.40, the bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio is
20:1
the buffer pair is
a weak acid and its conjugate base
anion gap may help distinguish between different causes of
metabolic acidosis
overuse of phosphate-containing OTC enemas can cause ( ) which will ( ) the plasma Ca++ concentration
increased phosphatemia
decrease
isotonic fluid excesses and hypoK+ can cause
edema, weight gain, constipation, muscle weakness abdominal distention
slow, shallow respers, blood pH <7.35, blood PaCO2 increased is caused by
respiratory acidosis
hyperventilation causing paresthesias of fingers, lightheadedness, confusion
respiratory alkalosis
repeated vomiting, tachycardia, rapid wt loss, decreased urine output, muscle weakness, slow shallow breathing & lethargy
isotonic fluid deficit, hypoK+, metabolic alkalosis
hyperparathyroidism - fatigue, anorexia, constipation, lethargy
hypercalcemia
which direction does insulin move K+?
from ECF into cell
which direction does epi move K+?
from ECF into cell
which direction does alkalosis move K+?
from ECF into cell
which direction does hyper Na+ move H2O
from cell to ECF
gravity pulls fluid to lowest place
dependent edema
