Chapter 40 Flashcards
Metabolize nutrients, detoxify chemicals, secrete bile, synthesize albumin and clotting factors, and other functions.
hepatocytes
remove bacteria and foreign particles from blood in the hepatic sinusoids
kupffer cells
secrete digestive enzymes
pancreatic acinar cells
secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid
pancreatic ductal epithelium
gastrin and motilin ___ gastric emptying.
stimulate
secretin and cholecystokinin ____ gastric emptying.
delay
The liver produces bile that is slightly ___
alkaline
The composition of saliva depends on the rate of ____
it’s secetion
Saliva contains these which can help prevent infection.
immunoglobulin A
Stretching the esophagus or intestine by a bolus of food causes
peristalsis
Fatty foods ____ gastric emptying.
delay
Hypertonic gastric contents ____ gastric emptying
delay
The intestinal brush border is the collection of ____; enzymes in the brush border hydrolyze ____.
microvilli; oligopeptides
Most of the water that enters the GI tract each day is absorbed in the _____.
small intestine.
Sugars are absorbed primarily in the ___ portions of the small intestine.
initial
The intestinal tract is ___ at birth and becomes colonized within _____.
sterile; 3-4 weeks.
A choleretic agent is a substance that stimulates the…
liver to secrete bile.
Pancreatic proteases are secreted in ____ form.
inactive
Pancreatic amylases are secreted in ____ form.
active
Pancreatic lipases are secreted in ___ form.
active
As age increases, GI motility, liver blood flow and enzyme activity tends to ____
decrease
Liver functions tests _______ in an older adult who does not have overt liver disease.
remain normal
Action of histamine on secretion of gastric acid
increases
Action of cholecystokinin on secretion of gastric acid
decreases
Action of gastrin on secretion of gastric acid
increase
action of increased vagal stimulation on secretion of gastric acid
increase
Action of sympathetic stimulation on on secretion of gastric acid
decrease
Action of caffeine on secretion of gastric acid
increase
what structures lie between sheets of hepatocytes?
sinusoids
What is the source of the blood that enters the sinusoids?
branches of the hepatic portal vein & hepatic artery
The sinusoids drain into what blood vessels?
central veins
Hepatocytes secrete bile into what structures?
the canaliculi, which empty into bile ducts
the upper third of the esophagus has
striated muscle
the lower third of the esophagus has
smooth muscle
The visceral layer of the peritoneum covers the
abdominal organs
The parietal layer of the peritoneum extends along the
abdominal wall
the lower portion of the stomach
antrum
the upper portion of the stomach
fundus
A water-soluble collection of bile salts and various forms of fat and cholesterol in the intestinal lumen.
micelle
A water-soluble collection of triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipoproteins that circulates in the lymph and blood
chylomicron
pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins
trypsin
gastric enzyme that digests proteins
pepsin
salivary enzyme that digests carbs
ptyalin
pancreatic enzyme that digests cabrs
amylase
intestinal enzyme that digests disaccharides
maltase
pancreatic enzyme that digests fats
lipase
branches of this artery provide most of the blood to the stomach
celiac artery
this artery provides most of the blood to the small intestine
superior mesenteric artery
The three segments of the small intestine in order.
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
The center of the every villus has a lymphatic capillary that is known as a _____ that is important for absorption of _____ molecules.
lacteal; fat
This occurs in the crypts of the intestine.
secretion
this occurs in the tops off the villi in the intestine
absorption
Synthesized by the liver and prevents enterocytes from taking up iron.
hepcidin
Marks the junction between the terminal ileum and the large intestine
ileocecal valve
the ileocecal valve is normally ___ to prevent retrograde flow of intestinal contents
closed
The four parts of the colon in order.
ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon.
The internal anal sphincter contains ____ muscle; the external anal sphincter contains ____ muscle.
smooth; striated
The remnant of the umbilical vein
round ligament
separates the right and left lobes of the liver and attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall.
falciform ligament
Hepatocytes synthesize the primary bile acids from
cholesterol
the body recycles bile acids through the process of
enterhepatic circulation
This hormone activates trypsinogen in the duodenum
enterkinase
The layers of the stomach and intestinal walls in order beginning a the lumen are:
the mucosa, submuscosa, muscularis, and serosa
Lies within the GI tract and consists of neurons of the submucosal plexus, the myenteric plexus, and the subserosal plexus
enteric nervous system
pepsin is only active in the
stomach
substance secreted by gastric G cells
gastrin
valve between the stomach and duodenum
pyloric
gastric cells that secrete pepsinogen
chief
gastric cells that secrete hydrochloric acid
parietal
substance secreted by gastric enterochromaffin-like cells
histamine
substance secreted by gastric D cells
somatostatin
phase of gastric acid secretion involving anticipation and swallowing
cephalic
Sphincter through which bile enters the intestine
oddi
an iron-binding protein
transferrin
localized rhythmic contractions of intestinal circular smooth muscles that are not peristalsis
segmentation
waves of sequential relaxations and contractions of the GI muscles
peristalsis
partially digested food int he stomach and intestine
chyme
the functional units of the intestine
villi
factor necessary for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12
intrinsic
