Chapter 39

Question 1

Congenital counterclockwise twist of the penile shaft

Answer 1

penile torsion

Question 2

ventral bend of the penis

Answer 2

chordee

Question 3

absence of the urethra

Answer 3

urethral atresia

Question 4

membrane that blocks the urethral lumen

Answer 4

urethral valve

Question 5

kidneys develop from the ___ so that neonatal renal blood flow preferentially goes to nephrons with ___ loops; this contributes to formation of urine that is more ___ than adult urine.

Answer 5

central toward the periphery; short; dilute

Question 6

urine formation begins by the ___ month of gestation.

Answer 6

third

Question 7

the glomerular filtration rate ____ at birth and attains adult levels by ____ of age.

Answer 7

increases; 2 years

Question 8

Because of renal immaturity, premature infants and neonates develop dehydration and acidosis ____ when they have diarrhea or insufficient fluid intake.

Answer 8

rapidly

Question 9

An infant’s daily intake and output of fluid is nearly ____ of the extracellular fluid volume, which is much ___ than for an adult.

Answer 9

50%; more

Question 10

Bladder infection is also known as ____.

Answer 10

cystitis

Question 11

Cystitis causes detrusor muscle hyperactivity that ____ bladder capacity.

Answer 11

decreases

Question 12

Before age 1, urinary tract infections are more common in ____; after age 1, they are more common in _____.

Answer 12

boys; girls

Question 13

Differentiating between bladder and kidney infection in children is ____.

Answer 13

difficult

Question 14

UTI in a previously toilet-trained child may cause ____.

Answer 14

enuresis

Question 15

Most children acquire bladder control before ___ of age.

Answer 15

5

Question 16

Incontinence in a child 5 or higher when no structural or neurologic abnormalities are found is called

Answer 16

functional incontinence.

Question 17

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome also is known as ___ nephrotic syndrome and occurs in the ____ of preexisting renal disease.

Answer 17

primary; absence

Question 18

type of pediatric acute kidney injury caused by urethral valves

Answer 18

postrenal

Question 19

type of pediatric acute kidney injury caused by hemolytic uremic syndrome

Answer 19

intrinsic

Question 20

type of pediatric acute kidney injury caused by ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Answer 20

postrenal

Question 21

type of pediatric acute kidney injury caused by glomerulonephritis

Answer 21

intrinsic

Question 22

type of pediatric acute kidney injury caused by hemorrhage

Answer 22

prerenal

Question 23

type of pediatric acute kidney injury caused by severe dehydration

Answer 23

prerenal

Question 24

The abnormal insertion angle of a ureter is associated with what condition?

Answer 24

vesicoureteral reflux

Question 25

when the urethral meatus is located on the ventral side of the penis

Answer 25

hypospadias

Question 26

when the urethral meatus is located on the dorsal side of the penis

Answer 26

epispadias

Question 27

This kidney is small but otherwise normal

Answer 27

hypolastic kidney

Question 28

this kidney contains abnormal tissue

Answer 28

dysplastic kidney

Question 29

When a child has not developed bladder control beyond the age at which bladder control is usually acheived

Answer 29

primary incontinence

Question 30

when a child who has been dry for at least 6 months becomes incontinent again

Answer 30

secondary incontinence

Question 31

When kidneys fuse in the midline as they ascend during development, the U-shaped kidney is called a ____.

Answer 31

horseshoe kidney

Question 32

Failure of the abdominal muscles and anterior bladder to fuse in the midline with subsequent exposure of the posterior bladder mucosa is called _____ of the bladder.

Answer 32

exstrophy

Question 33

Blockage of the tapered point where the renal pelvis transitions into the ureter is called ____

Answer 33

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Question 34

ureteropelvic junction obstruction causes this in neonates

Answer 34

hydronephrosis

Question 35

When a kidney contains both renal and nonrenal tissues, this condition is called

Answer 35

renal dysplasia

Question 36

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease arises from mutations of a gene that produces

Answer 36

polycystins

Question 37

Another name for Wilms tumor is

Answer 37

nephroblastoma

Question 38

A tumor of the kidney that usually presents as an enlarging, firm, nontender smooth muscle mass on one side of the abdomen.

Answer 38

Wilms tumor

Question 39

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, _____, hyperlipidemia, and ____.

Answer 39

hypoalbuminemia; edema

Question 40

Edema in nephrotic syndrome is often _____ in the morning and more evident in the _____ and ____ later in the day.

Answer 40

periorbital; abdomen & lower extremities

Question 41

The most common histopathology pattern of nephrotic syndrome in children is

Answer 41

minimal change nephropathy

Question 42

Urine is foamy with nephrotic syndrome because it has

Answer 42

a lot of protein in it.

Question 43

A condition in which a lot of cysts form and fill up with fluid that compress normal kidney tissue so that it can't function.

Answer 43

polycystic kidney disease

Question 44

Normally, the ____ surrounding the developing baby helps the lungs develop.

Answer 44

amniotic fluid

Question 45

When the immune system defends against the strep organisms, and once the strep is gone, the immune system attacks the kidneys and damages them.

Answer 45

poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Question 46

In Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis, the clinical manifestations include ___ and ____ in addition to the renal ones.

Answer 46

purpura and arthritis