Chapter 39 Flashcards
Congenital counterclockwise twist of the penile shaft
penile torsion
ventral bend of the penis
chordee
absence of the urethra
urethral atresia
membrane that blocks the urethral lumen
urethral valve
kidneys develop from the ___ so that neonatal renal blood flow preferentially goes to nephrons with ___ loops; this contributes to formation of urine that is more ___ than adult urine.
central toward the periphery; short; dilute
urine formation begins by the ___ month of gestation.
third
the glomerular filtration rate ____ at birth and attains adult levels by ____ of age.
increases; 2 years
Because of renal immaturity, premature infants and neonates develop dehydration and acidosis ____ when they have diarrhea or insufficient fluid intake.
rapidly
An infant’s daily intake and output of fluid is nearly ____ of the extracellular fluid volume, which is much ___ than for an adult.
50%; more
Bladder infection is also known as ____.
cystitis
Cystitis causes detrusor muscle hyperactivity that ____ bladder capacity.
decreases
Before age 1, urinary tract infections are more common in ____; after age 1, they are more common in _____.
boys; girls
Differentiating between bladder and kidney infection in children is ____.
difficult
UTI in a previously toilet-trained child may cause ____.
enuresis
Most children acquire bladder control before ___ of age.
5
Incontinence in a child 5 or higher when no structural or neurologic abnormalities are found is called
functional incontinence.
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome also is known as ___ nephrotic syndrome and occurs in the ____ of preexisting renal disease.
primary; absence
type of pediatric acute kidney injury caused by urethral valves
postrenal
type of pediatric acute kidney injury caused by hemolytic uremic syndrome
intrinsic
type of pediatric acute kidney injury caused by ureteropelvic junction obstruction
postrenal
type of pediatric acute kidney injury caused by glomerulonephritis
intrinsic
type of pediatric acute kidney injury caused by hemorrhage
prerenal
type of pediatric acute kidney injury caused by severe dehydration
prerenal
The abnormal insertion angle of a ureter is associated with what condition?
vesicoureteral reflux
when the urethral meatus is located on the ventral side of the penis
hypospadias
when the urethral meatus is located on the dorsal side of the penis
epispadias
This kidney is small but otherwise normal
hypolastic kidney
this kidney contains abnormal tissue
dysplastic kidney
When a child has not developed bladder control beyond the age at which bladder control is usually acheived
primary incontinence
when a child who has been dry for at least 6 months becomes incontinent again
secondary incontinence
When kidneys fuse in the midline as they ascend during development, the U-shaped kidney is called a ____.
horseshoe kidney
Failure of the abdominal muscles and anterior bladder to fuse in the midline with subsequent exposure of the posterior bladder mucosa is called _____ of the bladder.
exstrophy
Blockage of the tapered point where the renal pelvis transitions into the ureter is called ____
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
ureteropelvic junction obstruction causes this in neonates
hydronephrosis
When a kidney contains both renal and nonrenal tissues, this condition is called
renal dysplasia
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease arises from mutations of a gene that produces
polycystins
Another name for Wilms tumor is
nephroblastoma
A tumor of the kidney that usually presents as an enlarging, firm, nontender smooth muscle mass on one side of the abdomen.
Wilms tumor
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, _____, hyperlipidemia, and ____.
hypoalbuminemia; edema
Edema in nephrotic syndrome is often _____ in the morning and more evident in the _____ and ____ later in the day.
periorbital; abdomen & lower extremities
The most common histopathology pattern of nephrotic syndrome in children is
minimal change nephropathy
Urine is foamy with nephrotic syndrome because it has
a lot of protein in it.
A condition in which a lot of cysts form and fill up with fluid that compress normal kidney tissue so that it can’t function.
polycystic kidney disease
Normally, the ____ surrounding the developing baby helps the lungs develop.
amniotic fluid
When the immune system defends against the strep organisms, and once the strep is gone, the immune system attacks the kidneys and damages them.
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
In Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis, the clinical manifestations include ___ and ____ in addition to the renal ones.
purpura and arthritis
